Progress towards unity by 1861 could not have happened without the extent and the nature of support by foreign powers. How far do you agree with this statement?

Question 1

What does the failure of the 1848 revolutions demonstrate?

Answer 1

That Italy could not contend with a foreign power by herself, instead to make any progress against the Austrians, the chief barrier to unity, foreign help was imperative.

Question 2

Overall, how can the influence of foreign powers be described?

Answer 2

Whether directly, in 1859, or indirectly, subsequently, foreign powers’ role as enablers underpins every major successful move to unity by 1861.

Question 3

What are the four factors?

Answer 3

1) foreign powers
2) Nationalist groups and individuals
3) cavour
4) VEII and Piedmont

Question 4

When was the pact of plombiers?

Answer 4

July 21st 1858

Question 5

How do you rememebr the date of the pact of plobmiers?

Answer 5

Imagine birthday was in 1858

Question 6

What was the pact of Plombiers?

Answer 6

Secret diplomacy between Napoleon III and Cavour which agreed that, if Austria was seen as the aggressor, Piedmont would have the full support of France against them.

Question 7

The Pact of Plombiers July 1858 came as a legacy of what?

Answer 7

Cavour’s involvement in the 1854 crimean war

Question 8

What was the aim of the pact of Plombiers?

Answer 8

Expel Austria from the North of Italy. Rome would remain under the control of the Pope, but the House of Savoy would control the Kingdom of Upper Italy and the Kingdom of Central Italy would be created controlled by Tuscany.

Question 9

What were the solider ratios for the pact of Plombiers agreement?

Answer 9

France would give 200 000 soldiers for use in the war against Austria if Victor Emmanuel could raise 100 000 troops

Question 10

France gained what out of the Pact of Plumbers?

Answer 10

Nice and Savoy

Question 11

How does the Pact of Plumbers demonstrate how useful foreign powers were?

Answer 11

They were able to give levels of troops that would have been otherwise unfeasible, making Austria a more palatable enemy

Question 12

When was the second war of Italian independence?

Answer 12

1859

Question 13

when was the treaty of villafranca?

Answer 13

July 1859

Question 14

Make an assessment of the use of foreign powers from the 1859 second war of Italian unification?

Answer 14

Piedmont ultimately gained Lombardy as well as the central Duchies of Parma and Magenta. The North ended up unified, so despite all limitations, Napoleon did help the cause of unity.

Question 15

What two battles of the second war of Italian unification gave victories to the french and Piedmontese, despite heavy losses?

Answer 15

Magenta and Solferino

Question 16

What were the losses at solferino?

Answer 16

Allies took 17 000 casualties and Austria 21 000.

Question 17

Why did Napoleon sue for peace?

Answer 17

the unsustainable levels of allied losses, despite winning the battle

Question 18

When did France annex Nice and Savoy?

Answer 18

March 1860

Question 19

Who bitterly opposed the March 1860 french annexation of Nice and Savoy?

Answer 19

Earl Russel and Lord Palmerston

Question 20

What did the French annexation of Nice and Savoy do for unity?

Answer 20

Hindered complete unity

Question 21

What was the ability of Piedmont to enact its policies of Piedmontisation reliant to a great extent on?

Answer 21

France investing in the country

Question 22

Mount Cenis Tunnel and Northern Italian railway system was financed in part by which two wealthy French families?

Answer 22

Rothschild and Lafiete

Question 23

When was the Genoa - Turin - French Border Line built?

Answer 23

1854

Question 24

What facilitated visions of Cavour such as modernising the port of Genoa?

Answer 24

Low interest loans from Banks such as the Rothschild and the Hambros bank

Question 25

What were the two instances of GB involvement in Italy?

Answer 25

1) Delf determination following the treaty of Villafranca

2) Gunboat diplomacy allowing August 1860 crossing of straits of Messina by Garibaldi

Question 26

How did GB get involved after Villafranca?

Answer 26

They put pressure on France and Austria to allow plebiscites, meaning that Prussia and Russia thought twice about intervention on Austria’s behalf.

Question 27

Sum up Garibaldi

Answer 27

An ill-educated, populist military commander who nevertheless contributed greatly to the unification of Italy

Question 28

What does his disregard for foreign affairs suggest?

Answer 28

that he would have continued on his voyage anyway regardless of foreign powers’ support for the cause of unity

Question 29

Without foreign powers’ support, what is doubtful about Garibaldi?

Answer 29

whether he would have been successful

Question 30

The ease with which Garibaldi is able to take Naples is down to what two things?

Answer 30

Napoleon removing Austrian dominance in the state and the weakness of Francis II, the bourbon leader.

Question 31

Describe Garibaldi’s 1860 expedition

Answer 31

1860 expedition to the South in May 1860 included 1200 volunteers and was nicknamed the “thousand”. After landing in Marsala in Sicily, he marched towards Palermo (Sicilian capital) where he defeated 20 000 troops, helped by marauding peasants and the local mafia.

Question 32

When did Garibaldi cross the straits of Messina?

Answer 32

22nd August 1860

Question 33

When Garibaldi fought his way north to Naples, how big had his army grown?

Answer 33

To 60 000

Question 34

What allowed his unimpeded crossing of the straits of Messina?

Answer 34

British gunboat diplomacy

Question 35

When was Teano?

Answer 35

26th October 1860

Question 36

What forced Cavour to confront his reservations about the South at Teano?

Answer 36

The french’s threat of intervention

Question 37

Napoleon’s removal of the Austrian dominance in Naples meant what?

Answer 37

that Garibaldi’s expedition was not simply a repeat of the 1848 revolutions

Question 38

What suggests that in the early part of the period, unity was actually happening more successfully without foreign powers?

Answer 38

Roman Triumverate of Mazzini, Saffi and Armelini declared a Roman Republic on February 9th 1849 which lasted until July 1849, when it was crushed following a two month siege by 20 000 French troops.

Question 39

When was the National society formed?

Answer 39

1857

Question 40

who was the national society formed by?

Answer 40

nationalist exiles living in Piedmont such as Daniele Manin

Question 41

How was the National Society’s work aided?

Answer 41

Earl Russel’s support for self-determination

Question 42

What was the National Society’s newspaper called?

Answer 42

Il Piccolo Corriere d’Italia

Question 43

What percentage of the country spoke italian?

Answer 43

2.7%

Question 44

Assess the importance of the National Society

Answer 44

they were often jointly significant with the actions of of foreign powers such as France under Napoleon the third.

Question 45

Describe the relationship between the National society and foreign powers in two words

Answer 45

Mutually interdependent

Question 46

What suggests that early foreign support was not valuable to the cause of unity?

Answer 46

Charles Albert declared in March 1848 that Italy would “farà da sè”

Question 47

What suggests that whilst geographical unity may have relied on the foreign involvement, the political unity could only ever come from within the peninsula itself?

Answer 47

Piedmontisation meant that Piedmont divided the new kingdom into 53 provinces each governed by a prefect and also imposed a single unified legal system, unified judiciary and universal weights and measure across all of Italy.

Question 48

when was the Grado di Delore speech and who made it?

Answer 48

VEII made it 1859

Question 49

What did VEII declare in the Grado di Delore speech?

Answer 49

he was the “first soldier of Italian unification”

Question 50

What gave VEII the confidence to declare himself the “first soldier of Italian unification”?

Answer 50

Foreign intervention such as by the french

Question 51

Who really had the agency to engineer the pact of Plombiers?

Answer 51

Cavour, rather than VEII

Question 52

What about the Congress of Paris of 1856 shows that foreign powers alone were not enough alone?

Answer 52

Cavour had to act and give 15 000 soldiers just to get foreign powers interested and talking

Question 53

What about the Piedmontese debt shows that unity was not only the Triumph of foreign powers?

Answer 53

2 450 million lire deficit in 1861, doubling when Piedmont took on the debts of smaller states

Question 54

What did a strong Piedmont provide?

Answer 54

A focus for foreign involvement, a stable state that they could use as a base to enact unity

Question 55

Complete the sentence: The role of foreign powers contributing directly to geographical unity between 1856 and 1859 is indisputable…

Answer 55

..as they were the sole group who could realistically pose a long term threat to the Austrian order that had long been such a great impediment to unity.

Question 56

How should you discuss the word ‘nature’?

Answer 56

indirect and direct. Even when the nature of involvement as direct military action ceased following the Treaty of Villafranca (July 1859) their involvement was still felt in the changes they had made, particularly in major moves to geographical unity such as Garibaldi’s 1860 expedition.

Question 57

Finish the sentence: The extent of their support, was not as widespread after 1859, however..

Answer 57

… this provided the momentum for much more political change.

Question 58

How was foreign power’s role limited?

Answer 58

Limited to geographical unity, Social unity could only come from the divided people themselves.

Question 59

Sum up foreign powers’ role

Answer 59

Foreign powers’ role, however, was perpetually one of enablers in nearly all spheres of unity.

Question 60

What does the historian AJP Taylor say?

Answer 60

Italy owed most to French armies and British moral approval