Between 1861 and 1870 Piedmont was the main reason for national disunity. How far do you agree with this statement? Flashcards
What are the 5 factors that need to be discussed?
1) Piedmont
2) Foreign powers
3) The Papacy
4) Economic and Social problems
5) Southern Question and Geographical Problems
What two categories does the factor of Piedmont need to be divided into?
Piedmontisation and Politics
Complete the sentence: Piedmont served as the indisputable driving force for national geographical unity, however….
….. it was this uncompromising pace that meant allowed so much social disunity to be created.
Piedmontisation expose what?
long term structural problems between classes and regions which had existed for decades
Give a chronological judgement for the Pope
Though early on the Pope posed much more of a threat to unity, this declined as the influence of the northern Italians was felt more and was replaced as a threat by economic difficulties that augmented pre-existent divisions.
Which historian said that Piedmontisation perpetuated the idea that one country was conquering the rest?
Denis Mack-Smith
What was the bit of Piedmontisation that happened in Naples 1861 and in what month was this?
In February 1861 the Legal system of Naples was changed by 53 decrees in just two days.
The same number as the number of decrees that changes the legal system in Naples, how many provinces was Italy split into under Piedmontisation and how were they governed?
53, each governed by their own prefect
What were standardised through Piedmontisation?
Customs, weights, coinage and measures
Though Piedmont did unify the coinage, what demonstrates the lack of regional considerations that perhaps created division?
By 1870 only 57% of the pre-1870 stock of coinage had been changed into Lira
How did Piedmontisation create division in Lombardy?
Lombardy had been promised its own constitution, and already had its own legal and education system as well as local government, but these had been swept aside by Piedmontisation, creating resentment and division.
How did Cavour institute Piedmontisation across Lombardy?
Cavour instructed La Mamora (minster for war) to sweep away the Lombardic systems without any debate or consideration.
How was education paid for that created division?
Attacking the church
How did Piedmont attack the church to pay for education?
2382 monasteries were closed and land was sold off
Why did the closure of monasteries further cause division?
Communities lost key charitable and community institutions and the Italian government did not replace them
How should the division between church and state be described?
Fractious cohabitation
How was the army subject to Piedmontisation that created divisions?
Whilst 2 191 of the Bourbon officers were offered posts in the Piedmontese army, the foot soldiers of the Bourbon were herded into insanitary POW camps and then released. Many of these people took up roles in the hills of Sicily in the Brigands war
Between which dates was the Brigands war?
1861-65
Give a leading figure in then Brigands?
Carmine crocco
What is the Brigands war symptomatic of?
The extent of the resentment that Piedmont caused
Compare the death count of the of the Brigands war to the previous wars of unification?
More than all of the previous wars
What was the size of the army deployed to fight how many brigands?
Italian army of 120 000 deployed to fight 82 000 Brigands
Explain the difference of the short and long term impacts of Piedmontisation?
In the short term Piedmontisation’s significance was great, enforcing the idea that one state was conquering the rest, rather than the ideas of Risorgimento. In the long term, however, it rekindled long running structural divides not only geographically, but between classes and political factions.
When did Cavour die and what did he die from?
malaria June 1861
Who were, in order, the unstable PMs that followed Cavour?
Ricasoli, Rattazzi, Farini, Mighetti and La Mamora
What is interesting about Farini that shows the extent of divisions in Piedmont’s politics?
Farini became so frustrated with VEII that he tried to stab him
Rattazzi was seen as anti nationalist and was sacked because he did what?
Rattazzi was forced to stop Garibaldi’s attempt to take Rome in 1862 in order to reassure the French
From 1861, what percentage of the people could vote?
2%
What percentage of the Italian population were illiterate?
75%
How many MPs were elected by this 2% of the population?
443
What did not exist through which people could gain influence?
Political parties and unions
What about VEII’s title enforced the North South divisions in Italy?
He kept the title of VEII of Piedmont rather than VEI of Italy
Which laws of 1859 introduced compulsory education across Italy and for how long war this education compulsory?
Casati laws, three years’ compulsory primary education
What did the 1859 Casati laws create division?
They were unable to be fulfilled in the South due to a lack of literate teachers, so enforced the idea of a dual economy
Following what did Cavour ask Farina to do what?
Cavour ordered Farina to crush rebels in the South following the October 1860 uprising.
The lack of universal suffrage in Italy can be said to have caused what?
medium term disenfranchisement
By 1866 what percentage of state expenditure had been taken up with debt repayments?
60%
When was the Grist Tax and what was its name?
1868 Macinato
When was the flour tax, a part of the economic and social problems factor?
1865
What led on from the Grist Tax in 1868?
Riots leading to 250 dead and 1000 wounded
Why did foreign loans create division?
Humiliated risorgimentists through the reliance on another country
What percentage of each year’s produce was used for debt repayments?
30%
How did economic unity create division?
Economic unity through the abolition of trade tariffs in between states meant that the dual economy was furthered as industries once protected by tariffs such as the silk industry collapsed as they were unable to compete with the Northern competition.
Describe how economic unity related to the north/south divide?
Caused southern de-industrialisation, but meant that northern industries such as wool and cotton were boosted with an increased market
What kind of land owners enclosed more and more peasant common land?
Latifundia
Why did the Latifundia cause inter-class resentment?
It seemed that the government were looking after their own classes
Out of a population of how many, how many were employed in industry by 1861?
3 million
What does the fact that only 3 million out of a population of 26 million were employed in industry by 1861 mean?
Italy lacked the human resources needed for industrialisation
What natural resources did Italy lack of industrialisation?
Coal
When did the nationalisation of church land start?
1867
How many acres of church land were nationalised form 1867?
9 million
Apart from religious divisions, how did the sale of 9 million acres of church land affect the peasantry divisions?
Those peasants who were able to access it did not often have the money to continue its use or to improve it which meant that they often had to sell it on
Though Italy had how many kms of railway, what was a limitation of that?
Most of the 2 773 Km of railways being built not actually linked between states. There was no railways in Sicily or Sardinia
When was railway privatised?
1857
What meant that the actions off the Pope had a far reaching effect?
90% of the Italians were Catholic
By 1861, how much of the Pope’s land had been lost to the new kingdom?
⅔
until 1870, what did the Pope rely on completely to stave off Italian attacks?
The french garrison in rome
When was the syllabus of errors?
december 1864
Though it was a blow to the new state, how did the syllabus of errors divide Catholics themselves?
Between the moderates, who hoped that Pius IX would modernise, and the hardline supporters of the Pope
As a part of the 1864 syllabus of errors, what did the church retain control over?
education system and all culture and science
As a part of the 1864 syllabus of errors, what did the church reject?
rejected ideas of tolerance of other religions, Liberalism, nationalism and freedom of expression and thought.
As a part of the 1864 syllabus of errors, what did the church refuse to accept?
It would not accept progressive nor modern civilisations.
What demand in relation to the church came in 1866?
That most religious order hand over property to the state
When was the dogma of papal infallibility?
Dogma of Papal infallibility July 1870
What did the Dogma of Papal infallibility July 1870 do?
Emphasised the primacy of the Pope’s teachings and rejected the kingdom of Italy. This was a major way of undermining the new state, as it continued to put them at opposition with the church’s leadership.
Why can the papacy not be considered as important as the economic divisions that Piedmontisation exacerbated?
Realistically, however, when there were problems of famine for many, and political disenfranchisement for others, the Papacy cannot be considered as important as Piedmontisation in fuelling division.
What demonstrates the declining power and therefore interest of the Pope?
The move away from temporal power and focus instead on spiritual power demonstrates the declining political ramifications of papal actions towards the end of the era.
For many, what did the French presence in Rome mean?
That their spiritual capital was missing from Italy
How did the French occupation of Rome create conflict between nationalists?
Garibaldi angering the Italian State when marching on Rome in 1862 and 1867.
finish the sentence: The topic of French involvement, and the inability of the…
….Northern states to address it properly was particularly estranging to those who fought for so long for it
What did Mazzini label the new Italy as?
A sham
Why did Mazzini label Italy as a sham?
The monarchy and the continued french presence until september 1870
What and when did the French propose to do to the capital and what did this lead to?
1863 and 1864 proposed to move the Capital from Turin to Florence which led to riots
How many were killed in the Riots over the moving of the capital, where were these riots and what was the political consequence?
23 deaths in Riots in Turin and the sacking of Minghetti.
What were the humiliations from the third war of Italian independence and when was this war?
1866, losses of the battles of Lisa, where Persano’s fleet was destroyed, and at Custozza 24th June 1866, where they lost despite Italy’s great numerical advantage
How did Italy gain Venetia that was a potentially serious blow to national pride?
It was only thanks to the potentially demeaning help of another foreign power, France, that they gained Venetia at all. This was a serious blow to the national pride, psyche and spirit.
Why did Piedmont’s official write to Cavour in 1861?
To complain that the South’s finances were exhausted, a theme that never really changed throughout the decade
Give two states that had a long and proud history of regional autonomy?
Sicily and Naples
When Bourbon rule collapsed, what created divisions in Sicily and Naples?
When Bourbon rue collapsed a power vacuum was left which was not properly filled by the new state, instead the mafia was prevalent.
What was introduced for men that took them away from subsistence farms in the South?
Conscription
Complete the sentence: The Southern question is….
….the embodiment of structural problems
What is the southern question closely linked with?
Piedmontisation
Complete the sentence: whether directly or indirectly….
…. Piedmont’s actions were exceptionally prominent in the creation of the new Italy and doubtless created national disunity on a very grand scale.
