Slow progress to unification by 1848 Flashcards
What 4 factors need to be discussed?
1) Austria
2) weakness of nationalism
3) Socio-economic divides
4) divided politics
What did Mazzini believe?
That “La Plebe” should lead the revolution
How many members did young Italy have?
50 000
Under what age was everyone in young Italy?
40
What could be considered to be the best thing that Mazzini did for unity?
Mazzini did give huge impetus to unification, no body fought as hard or for as long as he did, he also was a skilled propagandist, and helped to make nationalism a more topical concept.
Who did Mazzini convert to nationalism?
Garibaldi
How didi Mazzini hinder unity?
Republicanism and Radicalism
Which country did Mazzini deter with his attitudes?
France
Even as late as 1871 what proportion of the 27 million people in Italy were illiterate?
⅔
What did the high levels of illiteracy mean for the Italian population?
His ideas were often too intellectual for the masses, meaning that any political unity that he would have achieved would not be fully backed by the people, unable to understand his ideas.
Who founded Neo-Guelphism?
Gioberti
Who was the more liberal pope?
Pius IX
What were the series of hard line popes known as?
Zealots
How did the church’s reputation stand int he way of Pius’ reforms?
The engrained reputation of the church as a reactionary power stood in the way of his ideas.
Between 1846 and 1847 what did Pius do?
Pius IX freed 2000 polticial prisoners, reformed education, the law and his own administration to give his subjects a greater say in public affairs. He allowed Rome and constitution and an elected body of advisors known as the Consulta.
What was the impact of Pius’ reforms?
This was a big impact in the short term to unity, as it seemed to be that the pope was the most likely figure to lead Italy to unity. Yet this did not translate into long term political unity.
How can Austria be described?
One of the greatest impediments to unity
How was Austria’s influence maintained?
A network of family alliances, such as with the Grand Central Duchies. This meant that entire political unity would be impossible by 1849 with such an anti-unity stance.
Who was the Austrian Chancellor?
Metternich
What was there Austrian tactic used to ensure peace and order in the Italian peninsula?
divide and Rule
What did divide and rule mean?
anti-austrian movements towards political unity would never gain much traction.
What did Metternich use to monitor Italy?
Metternich had a highly organised police system and spy network, so any opposition to Italy existing as a divided peninsula was swiftly found.
Asses the impact of Austria?
Whilst Austria is not the only impediment to unity it had a huge impact on limiting the extent to which political unity could be a success.
What did Balbo believe?
Balbo believed that Piedmont should lead other Italian states, unified against the Austrians.
Assess Balbo’s beliefs
This, if it materialised, would have had a huge impact onto the political progression towards unity, yet it did not materialise until much later.
How was Charles Albert viewed?
Whilst Charles Albert seemed capable to be a leader for this there were division that hampered the impact of this in the short term. Furthermore his attitudes at times seemed ambiguous, again lessening his political impact.
How was risorgmento disproved?
The concept of risorgemento is disproven by the fact that before 1848 Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny.
When were there poor harvests?
Widespread hunger and famines caused by poor harvests in 1820 and 1840.
What was the life expectancy in Naples during the 1840s?
24 during the 1840s
Illiteracy rate
⅔ of the 27 million population by 1871
What did Metternich use that checked all correspondences between states under Austrian Control?
postal convention
What did Metternich famously say?
Italian Affairs do not exist
What did the postal convention stop?
Any infant alliances that could hinder unity in the future
In 1831, how many rulers of states had cried out for Austrian help?
5/6
Give two examples of figures who had asked Austria for help in 1831?
Francis IV of Modena and Duchess Marie Louise in Parma
How many members did the Carbonari have?
60 000
Give three locations of failed revolutions in 1830-31?
Modena, Parma and the papal states.
