How far was nationalism the main reason for the outbreak of the 1848 revolutions in the Italian States? Flashcards
What are the 5 factors?
1) Growth of Liberalism
2) Growth of Nationalism
3) Unpopularity of Austria
4) Reforms of Pius IX
5) Social Discontent and Economic Problems
Which was the most prosperous state in Italy by 1848?
Piedmont - Sardinia
Which state served as a driving force for early unity?
Piedmont - Sardinia
When was the statuto passed?
1847
What did the strength of Piedmont mean?
it gave neighbouring states confidence which caused revolutions.
Which countries was the statuto influenced by?
UK, America and Belgium
What did the statuto give reformers?
Civil rights to stand on
What were the aims of groups such as the Alebrtisti and the Carbinari?
Gaining liberal constitutions
When was Pius IX elected?
1846
What didi the progressive actions of Pius IX do to cause the 1848 revolutions?
Inspired change in other states, such as the abolition of press censorship in Piedmont.
Who did Pius IX enter in a customs union with?
Piedmont and Tuscany
What served as a central spark for revolution for the lower classes in 1848, particularly in the South?
Hunger and famine
What percentage of the population were peasants?
90%
What did overproduction lead to?
industrial workers’ redundancies
What was the life expectancy in Naples during the 1840s?
24
When were there harvest failures?
1840, 1846, 1847
What did harvest failures lead to?
High food prices
Who did Sicilians blame for an 1836 outbreak of Cholera?
Their rulers in Naples
How many people were killed in the 1836 Sicilian Cholera outbreak?
65 000
Give an example of an area under direct Austrian control
Lombardy - venetia
What did Lombardy-Venetia resent?
High Taxes from Austria
How much of Austria’s Tax revenue came from the wealthy Italian states of Lombardy-venetia?
⅓
When did Austrian troops occupy the Papal town of Ferrara?
July 1847
Why was the Austrian occupation of the Papal States significant?
Because in January 1848 Pius denied Austria the right to cross the papal states, asking the Lord to ‘bless Italia’.
What was significant about the Pope asking the Lord to ‘bless Italia’?
It presented Austria as a catholic country in direct conflict with the Pope
When was Venice declared a republic?
March 1848
Nationalism was the domain of who, which distinctly limits the extent to which is can be considered to be the main cause of the 1848 revolutions?
Liberal, educated elite
What was the most important factor in the North compared to the South?
In the South the trigger cause was hunger and socio economic discontent. IN the North, Anti Austrian feeling was much more relevant.
When did MAzzini found young Italy?
1831
How many memebrs did young itty have by 1833?
50 000
What topic did Mazzini never approach that compounded his isolation from the peasants?
Land reform
What event is emblematic of the difficulties that a Mazziniian style revolution faced?
The 1844 Bandiera brothers.
The Bandiera Brothers failed in their attempt to spark an uprising where and when?
1844 Calabria
In the Bandiera Brothers’ 1844 Calabria attempted uprising, describe what happened?
The were exeuted and martyred after failing to gain peasant support in their uprising. There were 19 of them, yet only 2 locals joined them when they started the uprising.
Who led the Albertisti?
Balbo
When did Balbo and the Albertisti favour?
A federation of states led by Charles Albert
What book did Balbo write and when did he write it?
La Speranze d’Italia 1844
Which elitist nationalists were opposed to the idea of revolution, instead arguing that unification should be carried out by the ruling classes?
d’Azeglio
What did Gioberti write and when did he write it?
Primato in 1843
What did Primato argue for?
NeoGuelphism
What did the Spillo Negro do in the North?
Raise to profile of the anti-Austrian agenda
Who were the confederati led by?
Northern milanese nobleman Fredrico Canfalonieri
What percentage of the population of the peninsula spoke Italian and how does this mean that nationalism was not the main cause of the 1848 revolutions?
2.7% This cemented Nationalists, who generally used Italian in their written work and meetings and so cannot have sparked any peasant revolt.
Spell the artistic movement born in the 1840s as a direct consequence of Risorgimento?
M A C C H I A I O L I
Name two members of the Macchiaioli?
Fattori and Lega
Name a poet of Risorgimento?
Giacamo Leopardi
Name two composers of Risorgimento
Verdi and Rossini
What Nationalist Tuscan journal wrote in Italian?
Antalogia
What language did the Congress of Science use in their meetings?
Italian
Between which dates did the Congress of Science meet?
1839 and 1847
Name a writer of Risorgimento?
Mazoni
Name an anti-Austrian writer of Risorgimento?
Niccolini
What percentage of Italians were subsistence farming peasants and what did this mean for the causes of the 1848 revolutions?
90% of Italian population were subsistence peasants. As so much of the Italian economy was reliant on agricultural success, any crop failures has a profound and substantial effect.
Crop failures in 1846 and 1847 did what to food prices?
Raised them substantially
In Southern areas such as where, what had Peasants lost to the conservative ruling classes and aristocracy which caused much anger?
Common land in areas such as Calabria
What kind of industry existed in a limited way in the North, and what did mass redundancy lead to (other than unemployment)?
Textiles, mass redundancy led to workers destroying machines
In the 1840s, what was life expectancy in Naples and how did this cause the 1848 revolutions?
Just 24, this caused the revolutions because it demonstrates the scale of the hardships that people had to endure.
What is distinct about the causes of the revolutions?
They varied demonstrably from state to state
What example in the South demonstrates how distinct the causes of the revolutions were to individual states?
many Sicilians hated Naples and blamed their rules for the 65 000 deaths from cholera in the late 1830s
Name a notable anti-Austrian group which wanted to make socioeconomic changes in order to unite Italy?
Riformisti
What two journals did the Reformisti use?
Romagnosi’s “Gli Annali” and Cattaneo’s “Politencnico”
What two industries did the Rifromisti argue for the growth of to better socioeconomic conditions?
Cheese industry in Gorgonzola and Wine industries in Chianti
Assess the implications of the social and economic problems?
In the South long term economic disadvantage allowed small events to be the trigger cause for the revolutions
What meant that actions by the Pope had a significant impact across the whole peninsula?
90% of Italians were Catholic
In the Papal states in 1846, what did people chant and why did they chant this?
O sommo Pius, he released 2 000 political Prisoners
As a result of the positive actions to Pius’ 1846 release of political prisoners, what followed?
introduced a council of lay advisors in 1847 known as the consulta and abolished press censorship
Pius IX’s liberal reforms covered what as well as the consulta and press?
education, law and Papal Admin
What were the implications of the liberal reforms of Pius IX?
gave the everyman a greater say in governmental affairs
What did the liberal reforms of Pius IX inspire?
progressive actions were highly significant because they inspired call for change in other states.
What was the most important aspect of Pius IX’s agenda in terms of causing the 1848 revolutions?
anti-Austrian agenda
When was the statuto introduced?
1847
As a result of the statuto, what radical groups called for liberal constitutions across Italy, suggesting that people were beginning to stand up to reactionary monarchs?
Cabronari and the Alferati
What cemented Piedmont’s role as a liberal hotbed after the statuto?
20 000 political refugees came
the statuto was influence by the liberal constitutions and political reform where? (4)
Belgium, France, UK & USA
How, and to what extent did Liberalism contribute to the 1848 revolutions?
The growth of Liberalism did not provide short term causes for the 1848 revolutions. It did however, in the North, ensure that there was a concentration of Liberals, drawn by the promise of the Piedmontese constitution. The fact, however, that Piedmont did not experience a major revolution would suggest that Liberalism did not contribute to the 1848 revolutions within the state, but instead demonstrated to other states what they could achieve.
Explain the fracas between the Pope and Austria, which coalesced anti-Austrian feeling?
July 1847, when Austrian troops occupied the Papal Town of Ferrara, leading the Pope to lodge a complaint with Metternich. The event proved significant as in January 1848 Pius denied the Austrians the right too cross the Papal Straights and asked the Lord to ‘bless Italia’. This meant that a Catholic country was seen to be going against the Pope and stirred anger amongst the 90% Catholic population.
Was the anti-Austrian feeling and actions of the Pope more or less significant than nationalism in the short and long term?
More significant as more relatable in both the short and long term
At most, nationalism’s role was what?
peripheral
In Lombardy, the source of much Austrian tax revenue, what cicivl disobedience did people start rebelling with?
Stopping smoking and playing the lottery which deprived Austria of tax revenue
