Italy was proclaimed a kingdom in 1861. In what nature and to what extent did the lives of Italians improve between 1861 and 1870? Flashcards
Who propounds the idea of a divisions between real and legal Italy?
Martin Clark
What does the Italy divided between Real and Legal italy mean for the changes aimed at the furthering the unity of ‘legal’ Italy ?
This meant that the changes aimed at furthering the ‘legal’ Italy, generally politically, diplomatically and economically, often were not felt by the ‘real’ Italy, an Italy of peasant farmers.
Finish the sentence: some economic policies designed to promote trade and improve the lives of the business owners…
…had negative consequences for many of the peasants in Italy
What meant that people were spiritually divided in their allegiances?
no resolution was brought to the long running conflict between church and state
Why is it not really reasonable to expect the kingdom to improve people’s lives?
The kingdom had existed only for 9 years by 1870, so cannot possibly hope to improve the lives of people who had experienced long term problems since 1815
How should this question be approached?
Socially, economically, geographically, the Pope and political
which two factors should be combined into one?
Social and economic
When did the sale of church land start?
1867
How much church land was sold off from 1867?
Half a million acres
When the half a million acres of land was sold off in 1867, whose life improved?
The northern peasants who were able to buy it, showing that why it may not be universally true, it would be wrong to concluded the unification was bad for all
At the point of unity, how many KM of railways did Italy have?
2 773 km
Demonstrating the value of a large market, what was the population of Naples, Italy’s biggest state compared to the population of Italy as a whole once unified?l
9 million and 26 million
Which federalist accepted the value of a large market?
Gioberti
What two things did the economically unified state give that could be said to be good for people?
1) free trade
2) economies of scale that would be needed to industrialise
What came under state control after the 1859 Casati laws?
Schools and universities
How were the Casati laws funded?
Through attacks not the church
Where did which group enclose peasant land?
Latifundia enclosed peasant land in areas such as Calabria
How was social division created in unity?
Lombards had their prided legal system and constitution swept aside by the Piedmontese war minister La Mamora under strict instructions from Cavour, revoking a previous promise to allow them a degree of autonomy.
How quickly was the Neapolitan legal system changed?
53 decrees in two days
Though a jury system was introduced in the South, what demonstrates that it did not necessarily mean that lives improved?
Liable to mafia corruption
Why was the macinato introduced?
By 1866 debt repayments had taken up 60% of state expenditure and ⅓ of all agricultural produce was used for debt repayments
When was the Macinato Grist Tax?
1868
What came as a result of the Macinato?
Riots in which 250 were killed and 1000 wounded
What unified currency did Piedmont introduce in 1861?
lira
Why did the Lira not benefit some, and cause some to benefit disproportionally to others?
1870 only 57% of the pre-1870 stock had been changed into Lira. This demonstrated that the benefits of economic unification were far from universal, with rural areas primarily being the poorer areas and also the ones who did not adopt the unified currency
By 1870, what comparison to Britain demonstrates that Italy had not industrialised at the same rate?
By 1870 GDP was just 45% of Britain’s
Complete the sentence: The policies enacted to integrate the economics successfully were often….
…to the detriment of Southern states, and fed a dual economy and a class divide.
Who benefitted most from economic unity?
Upper classes, whilst the poorest watched their rulers get progressively richer
when was the Brigands war?
1861-65
Piedmont induced a unified judiciary as well as a single unified legal system, applied to all states with the exception of which one?
Tuscany under Baron Ricasoli
What created equality and fairness between the Italian states?
A unified civil and legal code
Church power was challenged and education was paid for by attacking the church. How many monasteries were closed as a result?
2 382
Selling off church land did what to people in Sicily?
Selling off church land increased the number of land owners in Sicily from 2000 to 20 000
Closing 2 382 monasteries meant that communities lost what?
Important community and charity institutions
What two challenges by the Italian state to the church allowed the ideas of liberalism and tolerance to spread across the Peninsula?
challenges to the 1864 Syllabus of Errors and the 1870 dogma of Papal Infallibility
Give an example of how the Italian state attempted to conciliate with the church?
policies such as the 1871 law of guarantees
How big was the army by 1870?
215 000 with a further 2 million in reserve
With whose help did Italy modernise the army?
Prussia
What was also modernised, along with the army?
Navy
How did a modern, unified army and navy improve people’s political lives?
This allowed Italian citizens to be protected and gave them a greater degree of security.
Apart from free trade, what made trade easier between states and what group was this most beneficial to?
Upper classes. Currency, weights and measures.
What percentage of people could vote in 1861?
2%
You could vote under two conditions, what were they?
Literate and pid 40 lires in taxes
What percentage of italians were illiterate?
75%
What were two missing vehicles for representation?
Political parties or unions
What happened on the May 24th 1870?
A Mazziniian corporal in the Italian army, Pietro Barsanti, led an attack on an army barracks in Pavia shouting ‘Long Live Rome, long live the Republic, down with the monarchy’ and was arrested and executed despite 40 000 signing a petition for his pardon.
When did Pietro Barsanti lead an attack on the army barracks in Pavia, later executed?
May 24th 1870
What does the fact that 40 000 signed a petition for Pietro Barsanti’s pardon show?
The fact that so many signed a petition for a republican’s release would suggest that there was widespread disenfranchisement with the political system.
Give a name of a lead Brigand
Carmine Crocco
What was the Size of the Italian army used to defeat the Brigands?
120 000
How did political unity benefit the lies of Italians?
It benefitted the lives of those who needed gain least, those who already had power and did little for the everyman
What did the small electorate mean?
The rich could continue to further their own aims and the poor had no agency to prevent this.
When was there violent political rioting?
Turin 1865
What two areas of the political changed improved people’s lives most?
the fairness of a unified judiciary and legal codes
What two northern industries benefitted from free trade?
Wool and cotton
Why was the expansion of the northern industries of wool and cotton good for workers?
Secured and maintained their employment
Give an example of a scheme that led to increased franco-piedmont growth?
Mount cenis tunnel 1867
When did Piedmontese officials in the South write to Cavour, and what did they complain about?
That the South’s finances were ‘exhausted’ 1861
What did the legal of foreign involvement in the north of Italy create?
a dual economy with a lack of capital and skilled labour in the south of the country
What was the region in the South of Italy where Olives were grown?
Apulia
What stunted the growth of the Apulia olive industry?
lack of transport
Why was there a difference in power between the north and south?
The South did not have the fast flowing Alpine water that the North did
In which two places were there no railways at all?
Sicily and Sardinia
How many brigands were there, and how many of them were given to brigandage by conscription?
25000 82000
Compare the casualties of the Brigands war of 1861-65 and the casualties of the wars of unification?
More casualties in the Brigands war t than in any of the previous wars of italian unification
How did the way that Venetia was gained mean that people’s lives did not improve as a result of unification?
Italy did not gain Venetia itself, instead gaining Venetia as a result of the treaty of Prague, the treaty of the Franco-Prussian war.
Describe what happened to damage the Italian pride at the third war of Italian independence?
lost to Austria on the 24th June 1866 at Custossa as well as losing the Naval battle of Lisa in July where admiral Persano’s fleet was decimated, losing the key ship, the Re d’Italia.
When were there riots in Turin and why were there these riots?
Riots in 1865 in Turin over proposals to move the capital from Turin to Florence, with 23 people killed
What are the four negative things that need to be discussed for the Pope?
1) 1864 Syllabus of Errors
2) 1870 Declaration of Papal Infallibility
3) Paying for education by attacking 2 382 monasteries
4) Spiritual vs national allegiance
What did the new state stand for the 1864 syllabus of errors rejected?
liberalism and progressiveness
What things would the church retain due to the syllabus of errors?
Church would retain all control of the education system and all culture and science.
Why would the church’s retention of the education system and all culture and science be a problem for the Italian state?
This created division because the new state was attempting to create a unified educational system with three year’s primary compulsory education.
What did the Syllabus of errors reject?
Rejected ideas of tolerance of other religions, Liberalism, nationalism and freedom of expression and thought.
What would the Syllabus of errors not accept?
It would not accept progressive nor modern civilisations.
What did the 1870 dogma of papal infallibility do?
Emphasised the primacy of the Pope’s teachings and rejected the kingdom of Italy
How was there confusion created by the Pope?
Since the pope refused to accept the new Italy there was confusion over whether the masses should hold spiritual allegiance over any nationalist allegiances.
What perhaps demonstrates that people expected some benefit from unity?
the self-determination that legitimised the unity
