Tissues (Muscle & Nervous) Flashcards
Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce movement
Muscle Tissue
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Packaged by connective tissue sheets into ___ muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull-on bones or skin
Skeletal
Voluntarily
Produces gross body movements or facial expressions
Peripherally located
Skeletal muscle tissue
Striations (stripes)
Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
Long, cylindrical shape
Skeletal muscle tissue
muscle to bone
Tendon
bone to bone
Ligament
Involuntarily controlled
Found only in the heart
Pumps blood through blood vessels
Central
Cardiac muscle tissue
Striations
One nucleus per cell
Short, branching cells
Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells together
Cardiac muscle tissue
Involuntarily controlled
Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical activity
Centrally located
Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Spindle-shaped cells
Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
Nervous Tissue function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts
(I, C)
Irritability
Conductivity
Nervous tissue contains two categories of cells:
neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)
Nervous tissue Found in the:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Consists of projections of cytoplasm surrounded by membrane
Dendrites and Axon
Contains nucleus
Site of general cell functions
Cell body
receive action potentials
shorter than axons
have multiple branches
Dendrites
conducts potentials away from the cell body
much longer than dendrites
Axon
3 neurons
M, B, P
Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Nourish, protects, and insulate neurons
Glia
The neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; glia, or support cells, surround the neurons
Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store “information,” and integrate and evaluate data; glia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons
Multipolar Neuron Structure
The neuron consists of a cell body with one axon
Conducts action potentials from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord
Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
Wound Healing
Tissue Repair
Tissue Repair occurs in two ways
R & F
- Regeneration
2. Fibrosis
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Regeneration
Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)
Fibrosis
Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on:
- Type of tissue damaged
2. Severity of the injury
- Capillaries become very permeable
- Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the bloodstream
- A clot walls off the injured area
Inflammation sets the stage
- Growth of new capillaries
- Phagocytes dispose of blood clot and fibroblasts
- Rebuild collagen fibers
Granulation tissue forms
- Scab detaches
* Whether scar is visible or invisible depends on severity of wound
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
Tissues that regenerate easily
E, F, B
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissues Bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
S
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
C, N
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue remains mitotic and forms ___
repair (scar) tissue
Nervous tissue becomes ___ shortly after birth
amitotic
tumor
both benign and cancerous, represent abnormal cell masses in which normal controls on cell division are not working
Neoplasms
hypertrophy
increase in size of a tissue or organ may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or irritated
Hyperplasia
decrease in size of a tissue or organ occurs when the organ is no longer stimulated normally
Atrophy
- Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or line a cavity
- Formed from a superficial epithelial tissue and connective tissue on which it rests
Tissue membrane
4 classifications of Tissue Membrane
Skin
Mucous
Serous
Synovial
- Epithelial cells
- Basement membrane
- Lamina propria
- Smooth muscles
Mucous
- Line cavities that do not open to the exterior and do not contain glans but do secret fluid
- Mesothelium
Serous
- Formed by connective tissue
- Line joint cavities (freely movable joints)
- Secrete a lubricating fluid-synovial fluid
- Injecting hyaluronic acid
Synovial
Dry membrane
Outermost protection boundary
Cutaneous membrane
is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue
Dermis
Lines all the body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Adapted from absorption or secretion
Mucous membrane
Thick layer of loose connective tissue
Lamina Propria
Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body
Serous membrane
3 components Serous membrane
S, B, L
Mesothelium (SiSE)
Basement mebrane
Loose connective tissue
Line freely moveable joints
Made up of only connective tissue
Synovial membrane
Produce synovial fluid
Rich in hyaluronic acid making the joint very slippery thus facilitating smooth movement within the joint.
involves a response that isolates injurious agents from the rest of the body and destroys the injurious agent
Inflammation
Inflammation does not mean you have ___
infection
Infection means you have __
inflammation
5 symptoms of inflammation
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Disturbed function
Redness also know as
erythema
Heat also know as
calor
Swelling also know as
edema
Pain also know as
dolor
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Regeneration
cells cannot replicate. if killed, permanent tissue is repaired by replacement
cells example: neurons, heart cell, erythrocytes
Permanent
cells do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can regenerate if necessary
cells example: liver, endocrine glands
Stable
cells divide throughout life and can undergo regeneration
cells example: epidermis, epithelia of ducts, hepatocytes
Labile
Repair by dense connective tissue
Fibrosis
