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ANAPHY > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

We get new skeleton every

A

7 to 10 years

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2
Q

Bones are organs because they contain more than

A

1 type of tissue

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3
Q

Bone are made of:

o, c, m, n, e

A 
osseous (bone) tissue 
cartilage
muscle
nervous
epithelial tissues
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4
Q

Bones help maintain homeostasis by regulating ___ levels and producing the ____

A

blood calcium - hormone

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5
Q

Person suffers ____ bone loss every month

A

1 to 2%

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6
Q

Human body contains ____ bones ranging in shape and size from the tiny shapes

A

206

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7
Q

Two subdivisions of the skeleton

A

axial

appendicular

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8
Q

4 Parts of the skeletal system

b, j, c, L

A

Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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9
Q

80 bones

divided into skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage regions

A

Axial

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10
Q

126 bones

such as limbs, pelvis (ilium, pubis, ischium), and shoulder blades (scapulae)

A

Appendicular

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11
Q

2 basic types of osseous (bone) tissue

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

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12
Q

Dense, smooth, and homogeneous
Have dense, smooth-looking external layers of compact or cortical bone around a porous, honeycomb-looking area of spongy bone

A

Compact bone

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13
Q

Small needlelike pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Made up of tiny cross-hatching supports (trabeculae) that help the bone resist stress.
Where you can find bone marrow

A

Spongy bone

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14
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

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15
Q

produce blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

stores energy as fat

A

Yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

4 groups of bone shape

L, F, S, I

A

Long
Flat
Short
Irregular

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18
Q

Bone-shaped bones

Contain mostly compact bone; spongy bone at ends

All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones)

Shaft with enlarged ends

A

Long bones

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19
Q 
Examples: 
◦ Femur 
◦ Humerus
◦ fibula and tibia 
◦ metacarpals
A

Long bones

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20
Q

Thin, flattened, and usually curved

Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them

cube-shaped bones

A

Flat bones

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21
Q 
Examples: 
◦ Most bones of the skull 
◦ Ribs 
◦ Sternum
◦ sternum and scapulae
◦ bones make the brain case
A

Flat bones

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22
Q

cube-shaped

Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

Sesamoid bones are a type of the bone that form within tendons (patella)

A

Short bones

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23
Q 
Examples: 
◦ Carpals (wrist bones) 
◦ Tarsals (ankle bones)
◦ talus, cuboid (foot)
◦ lacunate/scaphoid (wrist)
A

Short bones

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24
Q

Do not fit into other bone classification categories

weirdly-shaped

A

Irregular bones

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25
Q

Examples:
◦ Vertebrae
◦ Hip bones

A

Irregular bones

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26
Q

Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Perforating fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone

A

Periosteum

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27
Q

Makes up most of bone’s length
Composed of compact bone
Shaft of the bone

A

Diaphysis (shaft)

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28
Q

Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone
Flared ends in bone; where red marrow is concentrated; bookend the bone’s shaft or diaphysis

A

Epiphysis (ends)

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29
Q

Covers the external surface of the epiphysis

Made of hyaline cartilage

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone

A

Articular cartilage

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30
Q

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Seen in adult bones

A

Epiphyseal line

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31
Q

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

A

Epiphyseal plate

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32
Q

Lines the inner surface of the shaft

Made of connective tissue

A

Endosteum

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33
Q

Cavity inside the shaft

Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants until age 6 or 7

A

Medullary cavity

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34
Q

The process of bone formation

Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes

A

Ossification

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35
Q

Bone building cells / bone makers

cover hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

In a fetus, the enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a ____

A

medullary cavity

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37
Q
  • grow out from the bone surface

* Terms often begin with “T”

A

Projections or processes

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38
Q
  • indentations

* Terms often begin with “F”

A

Depressions or cavities

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39
Q

By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone

Except for 2 regions in a long bone
Ac, Ep

A
  • Articular cartilages

* Epiphyseal plates

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40
Q

Basic structural unit of the bone

Composed of tubes inside of tubes

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

A

Osteons

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41
Q

also called Concentric tubes

Filled with collagen fibers that run in the same direction

A

Lamellae

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42
Q

Bone needs nourishment like any other tissue, so running along the length of each osteon are ___ which holds nerves and blood vessels

Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system)

Runs lengthwise through bone

Carries blood vessels and nerves

A

central canals

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43
Q

between the layers of lamellae are tiny oblong spaces

houses the osteocytes

A

lacunae

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44
Q

mature bone cells that monitor and maintain bone matrix.

Pass commands to skeleton’s
2 main workhorses

A

Osteocytes

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45
Q

2 main workhorses

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

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46
Q

Bone-breakers

A

Osteoclasts

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47
Q

They create a perfect balance that allows your bones to regenerate

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

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48
Q

These cells work in a kind of similar way, in a process that I’d argue is less stressful than home improvement

A

bone remodeling

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49
Q

supervisors which kick things off when they sense stress and strain, or respond to mechanical stimuli

A

osteocytes

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50
Q

Bone is resorbed by ____

A

osteoclast

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51
Q

Bone is added by ____

A

osteoblasts

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52
Q

Bone is resorbed by ____

A

osteoclast

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53
Q

in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis

A

Osteoblasts

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54
Q

in the endosteum remove bone from the inner surface of the diaphysis

A

Osteoclasts

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55
Q

Bone growth is controlled by

A

hormones

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56
Q

Bones are remodeled throughout life in response to 2 factors

C, PGM

A

Calcium ion

Pull of gravity and muscles

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57
Q

___ level in the blood determines when bone matrix is to be broken down or formed

A

Calcium ion

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58
Q

___ on the skeleton determines where bone matrix is to be broken down or formed

A

Pull of gravity and muscles

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59
Q

Released when calcium ion levels in blood are low

Activates osteoclasts

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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60
Q

high blood calcium levels

prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts

A

Hypercalcemia

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61
Q

break in a bone

A

Fracture

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62
Q

Types of bone fractures

A

Closed (simple) fracture

Open (compound) fracture

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63
Q

is a break that does not penetrate the skin

A

Closed (simple) fracture

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64
Q

is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin

A

Open (compound) fracture

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65
Q

Bone fractures are treated by ___ and ___

A

reduction - immobilization

66
Q

bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands

A

Closed reduction

67
Q

bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery

A

Open reduction

68
Q

blood-filled swelling, or bruise

A

Hematoma

69
Q

replaces the fibrocartilage callus

A

Bony callus

70
Q

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body

A

Axial Skeleton

71
Q

Axial Skeleton

Divided into 3 parts
S, VC, BT

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

72
Q

Hold eyes in anterior position

Allow facial muscles to express feelings

Bones are joined by sutures

A

Skull

73
Q

Two sets of bones form the skull

A
  • Cranium bones enclose the brain

* Facial bones

74
Q

In the skull, only the ___ is attached by a freely movable joint

A

mandible

75
Q

8 Cranial Bones Protect the Brain

A 
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
76
Q

In cranial bones, bones that are single:

FOES

A

Frontal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

77
Q

In cranial bones, bones that have pairs are:

PT

A

Parietal bones

Temporal bones

78
Q

14 facial bones

N, L, P, INC, V, Z, M, M

A 
Nasal 
Lacrimal 
Palatine 
Inferior nasal conchae 
Vomer 
Zygomatic 
Maxillae
Mandible
79
Q

In facial bones, bones that have pairs are:

A 
Maxillae
Palatine bones 
Lacrimal bones 
Zygomatic bones 
Nasal bones 
Inferior nasal conchae
80
Q

In facial bones, bones that are single:

A

Vomer bone

Mandible

81
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

82
Q

Closely related to mandible and temporal bones

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Serves as a movable base for the tongue

Aids in swallowing and speech

A

Hyoid bone

83
Q

provides axial support

Extends from skull to the pelvis

A

Vertebral Column (Spine)

84
Q

26 vertebral bones are separated by ____

A

intervertebral discs

85
Q

26 vertebral bones

A 
7 cervical vertebrae (neck)
12 thoracic vertebrae (chest)
5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
Sacrum (formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae)
Coccyx (formed by fusion of 3–5 vertebrae)
86
Q

Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions

Present from birth

Form a C-shaped curvature in newborns

A

Primary curvatures

87
Q

Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions

Develop after birth

Form an S-shaped curvature in adults

A

Secondary curvatures

88
Q

Bony thorax

protects organs of the thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic Cage

89
Q

Thoracic cage Consists of 3 parts

SRTv

A

Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

90
Q

3 Ribs

A 
True ribs (pairs 1–7)
False ribs (pairs 8–12)
Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)
91
Q

Composed of 126 bones

Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

A

Appendicular Skeleton

92
Q

Also called a pectoral girdle

Light, poorly reinforced girdle

Allows the upper limb an exceptional flexibility

omposed of 2 bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal

A

Shoulder Girdle Bone

93
Q

Shoulder Girdle Bone composed of 2 bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal

A
  • Clavicle

* Scapula

94
Q

Forms the arm

Single bone

A

Upper Limbs Bone

95
Q

The forearm has two bones

A

Ulna

Radius

96
Q

medial bone in anatomical position

Proximal end articulation

Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus

A

Ulna

97
Q

lateral bone in anatomical position

Proximal end articulation

Head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

A

Radius

98
Q

3 parts of Hand

A

Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

99
Q

wrist bones

8 bones arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand

A

Carpals

100
Q

palm bones

5 per hand

A

Metacarpals

101
Q

fingers and thumb

14 phalanges in each hand

A

Phalanges

102
Q

For Phalanges…

In each finger, there are __ bones

A

3

103
Q

For Phalanges…

In the thumb, there are only __ bones

A

2

104
Q

Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones

Composed of 3 pairs of fused bones

A

Pelvic Girdle Bone

105
Q

3 pairs of fused bones in Pelvic Girdle Bone

I, I, P

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

106
Q

,

A

,

107
Q

two coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

A

Pelvis

108
Q

The total weight of the upper body rests on the ___

___ protects several organs:
•Reproductive organs
•Urinary bladder
•Part of the large intestine

A

Pelvis

109
Q

Inlet is larger and more circular

Shallower, on the whole, and the bones are lighter and thinner

Ilia flare more laterally

Sacrum is shorter and less curved

Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus, the outlet is larger

Pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

A

Female’s pelvis

110
Q

thigh bone

The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

A

Femur

111
Q

lower leg has 2 bones

A

Tibia

Fibula

112
Q

Shinbone

larger and medially oriented

A

Tibia

113
Q

thin and sticklike

lateral to the tibia

Has no role in forming the knee joint

A

Fibula

114
Q

3 parts of Foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

115
Q

7 bones in foot

A

Tarsals

116
Q

Two largest tarsals are the:

C,T

A
  • Calcaneus (heel bone)

* Talus

117
Q

5 bones form the sole of the foot

A

Metatarsals

118
Q

14 bones form the toes

A

Phalanges

119
Q

Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches

MLT

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

120
Q

Occur where two or more bones meet

A

Joints

121
Q

2 classification of Joints

A

Functionally

Structurally

122
Q

happen when muscles contract across joints moving 1 bone toward another

A

Body movements

123
Q

8 cranial bones - 14 facial bones

Body’s most complex bony structure. Protect brain, help see, smell, hear, eat, have a face

A

Axial bones

124
Q

The 33 irregular bones in your vertebral column starts with ___

A

atlas vertebra

125
Q

hold the skull

A

atlas vertebra

126
Q

Upper and lower limb appendages

Pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach to the axial skeleton at the shoulder and the thigh

A

Appendicular bones

127
Q

The Pectoral Girdle consists of the

PS, AC

A

Posterior Scapula and Anterior Clavicle

128
Q

is formed by the coxal or hip hobes and the sacrum which is technically part of axial skeleton

A

Pelvic or Hip Girdle

129
Q

Immovable joints; non-moving joints

A

Synarthroses

130
Q

Slightly movable joints

A

Amphiarthroses

131
Q

Freely movable joint

A

Diarthroses

132
Q

Generally immovable

A

Fibrous joints

133
Q

Immovable or slightly movable

A

Cartilaginous joints

134
Q

Freely movable

A

Synovial joints

135
Q

Bones are united by fibrous tissue

Connect bones with dense fibrous connective tissue, and are mostly immovable

A

Fibrous joints

136
Q

3 Types Fibrous joints

SSG

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

137
Q

Immobile

A

Sutures

138
Q

Allow more movement than sutures but still immobile

Found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula

A

Syndesmoses

139
Q

Immobile

Found where the teeth meet the facial bones

A

Gomphoses

140
Q

Bones are connected by fibrocartilage

Unite bones using cartilage, they don’t move very much, and they lack a joint cavity

A

Cartilaginous joints

141
Q

2 Types Cartilaginous joints

A

Synchrondrosis

Symphysis

142
Q

Immobile

Found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

A

Synchrondrosis

143
Q

Slightly movable

Found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

A

Symphysis

144
Q

Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

fluid is found in the joint cavity

Family of joints that make all the sports, and the entire art of breakdancing and yoga possible

Are the freely movable

A

Synovial joints

145
Q

4 distinguishing features of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments

146
Q

flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint

A

Bursae

147
Q

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

A

Tendon sheath

148
Q

6 Types of synovial joints (based on shape)

A

Plane joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Condylar joint, Saddle joint, Ball-and-socket joint

149
Q

If that bending motion decreases the angle of the joint and brings those bones together, like when I bend my arm together

A

Flexion

150
Q

When I bend it back, I’m increasing that angle

A

Extension

151
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

Hinge joint

152
Q

Multiaxial movement

Hip and shoulder joints use a ball-and-socket design that allow rotational movement, but the more flexible a joint is, the more unstable and fragile it is – which is one reason why you see so many dislocated shoulders and hip replacements

A

Ball and socket joint

153
Q

If I continue that motion beyond my normal anatomical positioning, and it’s somewhat dangerous

A

hyperextension

154
Q

Biaxial movement

movements are just special and unique and weird, and only occur in a few select joints – especially in your hands, feet, and jaw

A

Saddle joint

155
Q

Uniaxial movement

between your radius and ulna allow you to rotate your palm forward or anteriorly in a motion called supination, and turning it backward or posteriorly is called pronation

A

Pivot joint

156
Q

lasso movement

combination of all 5 of those movements that allow the forearm to move in a circle while the elbow joint stays relatively stable

A

Circumduction

157
Q

First “long bones” of a fetus are

A

hyaline cartilage

158
Q

Earliest “flat bones” of the fetal skull are

A

fibrous membranes

159
Q

Known as “soft spots”

A

Fetal skull

160
Q

Bone-thinning disease afflicting

A

Osteoporosis

161
Q
  • results in kyphosis

* also known as “dowager’s hump”

A

Vertebral collapse

162
Q

Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

A

Bone markings

ANAPHY (11 decks)

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