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ANAPHY > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q
  • Sites of ribosome assembly
  • Dense non-membranous mass where RNA is synthesized
  • Location for the components found in ribosomes
A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Most cells are composed of four elements:

A

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

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3
Q
  • Scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing
  • Condenses to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides
A

Chromatin

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4
Q

3 main regions of cells

C, N, P

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Nucleus
  3. Plasma membrane
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5
Q

The Plasma Membrane is also called

A

plasmalemma

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6
Q

needed for building proteins and necessary for cell reproduction

A

DNA

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7
Q

The activity of an organism depends on the _____ of its cells

A

collective activities

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8
Q

“water loving” polar “heads” are oriented on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

A

Hydrophilic

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9
Q
  • Contains cell contents
  • Separates cell contents from the environment
  • forms the outer boundary of the cell
A

The Plasma Membrane

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10
Q

is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

A

cell

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11
Q

3 regions of Nucleus: CNN

A
  1. Nuclear envelope (membrane)
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Chromatin
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12
Q

___ and ___ scattered among the phospholipids; it determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol and proteins

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13
Q

the model that is constructed of 2 layers of phospholipids arranged “tail to tail”

A

Fluid mosaic model

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14
Q
  • Control center of the cell

* Site where the genetic material is stored

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

“water-fearing” nonpolar “tails” form the center (interior) of the membrane

Makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules

A

Hydrophobic

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope encloses the jellylike fluid

A

nucleoplasm

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17
Q

Selective impermeable to maintains the ____

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

• Fluid mosaic model is constructed of _____ arranged “tail to tail”

A

2 layers of phospholipids

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19
Q
  • Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
  • Consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus
  • Contains nucleopores which are a potential passageway for the exchange of substances
A

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

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20
Q

Classification of proteins that act as transporters or receptors.

A

Peripheral proteins

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21
Q

Responsible for specialized membrane functions: ERT

A

o Enzymes
o Receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
o Transport as channels or carriers

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22
Q

Depending on Protein position it can be classified as:

Pp, Ip

A

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

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23
Q

Classification of proteins that act as cytoskeleton anchors or enzymes

A

Integral proteins

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24
Q

made ribosome

A

Protein

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25
Q

The Carbohydrates consist of _____ and _____ which form a glycocalyx

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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26
Q

filmy covering is

A

glycocalyx

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27
Q
  • The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
  • The portion of the cell located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
  • Site of most cellular activities
A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

A

Glycoproteins

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29
Q

is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface

A

Glycocalyx

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30
Q

3 major components of the Cytoplasm (CIO)

A

Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles

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31
Q

Chemical substances that float in the cytosol

A

Inclusions

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32
Q

The fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes

A

Cytosol

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33
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell

A

Organelles

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34
Q

folds created by the inner membrane

A

cristae

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35
Q

inside the mitochondria created by the inner membrane

A

matrix

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36
Q
  • “Powerhouses” of the cell

* Responsible for the ATP production via cell respiration

A

Mitochondria

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37
Q

• Sites of protein synthesis in the cell

A

Ribosomes

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38
Q

Ribosomes can be found at two locations:

A

free-floating in cytoplasm

part of RER

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39
Q
  • Fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that carry substances within the cell
  • Continuous with the nuclear membrane
A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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40
Q

Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum

* Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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41
Q

In RER,
• _____ is attached
• ____ vesicles move proteins within the cell

A

Ribosomes

Transport

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42
Q

arrange order:

1 - Protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac transport vesicle

2 - As the protein synthesize at the ribosome, it migrates to the RER tunnel system.

3- The transport vesicle buds from the RER and travels to the golgi apparatus for processing

4 - In the tunnel, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein that forms glycoprotein

A

2, 4, 1, 3

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43
Q
  • Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER via transport vesicles
  • Produces different types of packages
A

Golgi apparatus

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44
Q

Protein assembly

Transport vesicles move proteins within cell

A

RER

45
Q

In SER,
• ____ ribosomes
• Functions in ______

A

lacks

lipid metabolism

46
Q

Detoxification and Lipid production

A

SER

47
Q

Golgi apparatus different types of packages (SIL)

A

o Secretory vesicles (pathway 1)
o In-house proteins and lipids (pathway 2)
o Lysosomes (pathway 3)

48
Q

• Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

49
Q

cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q
  • Membranous “bags” that contain digestive enzymes

* House phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris

A

Lysosomes

51
Q
  • Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
  • Provides the cell with an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport
A

Cytoskeleton

52
Q

cell eating

A

Phagocytes

53
Q

3 different types of elements form the cytoskeleton: MIM

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

54
Q

the middle type of element of the cytoskeleton

form purple network surrounding pink nucleus

A

Intermediate filaments

55
Q

Cytoskeleton provides the cell with an ______ that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport

A

internal framework

56
Q
  • Generate microtubules

* Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrioles

57
Q

the largest type of element of the cytoskeleton

form blue batlike network

A

Microfilaments

58
Q

the smallest type of element of the cytoskeleton

appear as gold networks surrounding cell pink nucleus

A

Microtubules

59
Q

move materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

60
Q

propel the cell and speeding up the sperm

A

Flagella

61
Q

are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

Strengthen the surface area that is needed for absorption

A

Microvilli

62
Q

red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

63
Q

Cilia are located in the respiratory system(lungs) to move _________

A

mucus

64
Q

platelets

A

Thrombocytes

65
Q

white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

66
Q

Carries oxygen in the bloodstream

A

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

67
Q

Secretes cable-like fibers

A

Fibroblast

68
Q

Cells responsible for moving organs and body parts

A

Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells

69
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs

A

Epithelial cell

70
Q

Cells that stores nutrients

A

Fat cells

71
Q

Cell that fights disease

A

Leukocytes (wbc)

72
Q

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

A

Nerve cell (neuron)

73
Q
  • Largest cell in the body

* Divides to become an embryo upon fertilization

A

Oocyte (female)

74
Q
  • Built for swimming to the egg for fertilization

* Flagellum acts as a motile whip

A

Sperm (male)

75
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tube then to uterus

76
Q

What if it stays in the fallopian tube?

A

Abnormality, ectopic pregnancy.

77
Q

• Homogeneous mixture of two or more components

A

Solution

78
Q

dissolving

present in the larger quantity

A

Solvent

79
Q

components in smaller quantities within a solution

being dissolve

A

Solutes

80
Q

the body’s main solvent is ______

A

water

81
Q
  • Inside the cell

* Solution containing gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

A

Intracellular fluid

82
Q
  • Outside the cell
  • Fluid on the exterior of the cell
  • Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products
A

Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

83
Q

2 basic methods of transport (PA)

A

Passive processes

Active processes

84
Q

move across the membrane

no need metabolic energy

A

Passive processes

85
Q

the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process
needs ATP

A

Active processes

86
Q
  • movement is from high concentration to low concentration

* Movement of solute

A

Diffusion

87
Q
  • An unassisted process

* Solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores

A

Simple diffusion

88
Q

• Movement of water

A

Osmosis

89
Q

same solute and water concentrations

A

Isotonic

90
Q

contain more solutes than the cells do
(cell shrinking)
Lesser solute

A

Hypertonic

91
Q

contain fewer solutes
(cell bursting)
Greater solute, Lesser water

A

Hypotonic

92
Q

• Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

A

Facilitated diffusion

93
Q

High to low but pressure is involved.
• A pressure gradient must exist that pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from a high-pressure area to a lower-pressure area

A

Filtration

94
Q

Diffusion movement of _______
Osmosis movement of ________
Filtration ____

A

solute
solvent
pressure

95
Q
  • ATP is used to move substances across a membrane

* Low to high

A

Active processes

96
Q

ATP energizes _____

A

solute pumps

97
Q

Active transport example: SP

A

sodium-potassium

98
Q

transported out of the cell

extracellular fluid ECF

A

Sodium

99
Q

transported into the cell

intracellular ICF

A

Potassium

100
Q

PISO means

A

Potassium inside; Sodium Outside

101
Q

Where sodium goes, ____

A

water follows

102
Q

substances are moved across the membrane “in bulk” without actually crossing the plasma membrane

A

Vesicular transport

103
Q

out the cell

Mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other products

A

Exocytosis

104
Q

in the cell
Extracellular substances are enclosed (engulfed) in a membranous vesicle
Everything happens inside the cell

A

Endocytosis

105
Q

Types of endocytosis PPR

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
106
Q

“cell eating”

a protective mechanism, not a means of getting nutrients

A

Phagocytosis

107
Q

“cell drinking”

Cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats

A

Pinocytosis

108
Q

Receptor proteins on the membrane surface bind only certain substances

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

ANAPHY (11 decks)

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