Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems Flashcards
leaves + stem
shoot system
- cells that divide for life of plant
- can give rise to all plant structures
Meristem
Two main divisions of plants
- Vascular
- Non-vascular
plants with vascular tissues, particularly xylem and phloem for conducting water and integrating food
vascular plants (tracheophytes)
lack specialized vascular system for transporting water and nutrients
non-vascular plants (mosses sensu lato)
Two divisions of vascular plants
- Seed plants (spermatophytes)
- Pteridophytes (ferns sensu lato)
Two types of seed plants
- Gymnosperms
- Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit
angiosperms
have no flower or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves
gymnosperm
gymnosperm seeds are configured as __
cones
Characteristics of non-vascular plants
- can be found in walls
- do not increase in size
- may spread
- get their nutrients through diffusion
vascular plants that disperses spores
Pteridophyte
- epidermal hair
- a major function of it is to be in plant defense
trichome
single cotyledon
monocots
two cotyledon
dicots
- narrow long leaf
- parallel veins
monocot
- broad leaf
- network of veins
dicots
vascular bundles scattered
monocots
ring of vascular bundles
dicots
flower parts in multiples of three
monocots
flower parts in multiples of five (or four)
dicots
fibrous root
monocot
taproot
dicot
Two Types of Plant Body
- Primary Plant Body
- Secondary Plant Body
derived from shoot and root apical meristems
primary plant body
composed of primary tissues
primary plant body
constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
primary plant body
derived from meristems other than apical meristems
secondary plant body
composed of secondary tissues
secondary plant body
what are the secondary tissues
wood and bark
constitutes the woody, bark-covered parts of a plant
secondary plant body
a woody plant has primary tissues as its __ and __
shoot and root
a strand of specialized vascular tissue of higher plants consisting mostly of xylem and phloem
vascular bundle
where is xylem located in a dicot
inner
where is phloem located in a dicot
outer
ground tissue towards the interior of the vascular tissue in a stem or root
pith
the layer of tissue between the vascular tissue and the epidermis
cortex
what is pith made of
undifferentiated parenchyma
Secondary plant body increses __
girth
are found in plants that exhibit secondary growth
lateral meristems
lateral meristems give rise to ___ ___ which are collectively called __ __ __
- secondary tissues
- called secondary plant body
Two types of woody plants
- Cork cambium
- Vascular cambium
outer bark
cork cambium
2 vascular tissue
vascular cambium
What causes plant growth
division of meristem cells
May be found in the lateral and terminal bud and roots
apical meristem
- cylinders within plant body
- increase in width
lateral meristem
thin primary walls
parenchyma
typically alive at maturity
parenchyma, collenchyma
many functions
parenchyma
unevenly thickened primary walls
collenchyma
provide plastic support
collenchyma
primary walls + secondary walls
sclerenchyma
many dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
provide plastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport
sclerenchyma
- cells that are capable of performing photosynthesis
- many guard cells
chlorenchyma
capable of producing nectar and resin
Glandular cells
specialized parenchyma cells that facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits
transfer cells
- typically found at elongating shoot tips
- absent in developing roots
Collenchyma
- mature cells
- undergo lignification
Sclerenchyma
enhance plant cell wall rigidity, hydrophobic properties and promotes minerals transport through the vascular bundles in plant
Lignin
nonconducting sclerenchyma
mechanical sclerenchyma
tracheary elements
conducting sclerenchyma
Two types of mechanical sclerenchyma
- sclereids
- fibers
- more or less isodiametric
- often dead at maturity
sclereids
- long
- many types are dead, other types remain alive and involved in storage
fibers
Two types of conducting sclerenchyma
- tracheids
- vessel elements
- long and narrow with tapered ends
- contain no perforations
- dead at maturity
- found in all vascular plants
tracheids
- short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls
- must contain one or two perforations
- dead at maturity
- found almost exclusively in flowering plants
vessel elements
how many perforations are there in tracheids
none
how many perforations are there in vessel elements
must contain one or two perforations
among nonflowering plants, only ferns, horsetails and gymnosperms have __
vessels
It transports sugars and other items
phloem
in angiosperms, ___ ___ contain the sugar solution and are surrounded by various support cells
sieve-tube elements
mainly consists of dead cells that have primary and secondary cell walls which provide support
sclerenchyma
cavities present inside the cell
lumen
also function in support though they are living
collenchyma
unspecialized cells that carry out most of a plant’s metabolism
parenchyma
parenchyma cells with chloroplasts
chlorenchyma
transports water and minerals
xylem
How do xylem transport water and minerals
through vessel elements and tracheids
In pits, the secondary wall is __ or __, allowing water to flow laterally
thin or missing
Location of Parenchyma
- stem
- root
- leaves
- flowers
- fruits widely distributed
Location of Collenchyma
below the epidermis
Location of Sclerenchyma
outermost boundaries of plant parts, cortex, pith, hard seeds etc.
Function of Parenchyma
- stores and assimilates food
- provides mechanical support (turgidity)
- store waste products like tannin, gum, resins, etc.
Function of Collenchyma
- provides mechanical support and elasticity
- manufacture sugar and starch
Function of Sclerenchyma
provides mechanical support
bud located at the apex of the stem where most of the plant growth occurs
Terminal Bud
sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or a branch
Axillary Bud
location on a stem where the leaves or branches are attached
Node
interval or part between two nodes of a stem
Internode
acute angle between a vine shoot and a leaf stem or petiole extending from the shoot
Leaf axil
Mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig
Leaf scar
how leaves are arranged on the stem
Phyllotaxy
Five (5) arrangements of phyllotaxy
- Alternate
- Opposite
- Decussate
- Whorled
- Spiral
a slender whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem, by which a vine or other plant may climb
Stem tendrils
slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes
Runner
fleshy underground stems
Rhizomes
Example of a rhizome
ginger
- modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plant
- consists of a relatively large, usually globe-shaped, underground bud with membranous or fleshy overlapping leaves arising from a short stem
bulb
flattened stem
Cladophyll
enlarged underground stems that store nutrients, surrounded by papery outer layers
Corm
underground stem in which the stem tissue serves as the primary storage tissue, but has no basal plate
Tuber
Arrangement of primary tissues
function is related to its structure
In order to function properly, a tissue must _____. In order to function properly, the tissues of an organ must _____.
- Must contain the right cells in the proper arrangement.
- must be arranged correctly
microscopic pores on the lower epidermis of the leaf
stomata
pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
Guard cells
Guard cells swollen
stoma opening
Guard cells shrunken
stoma closing
epidermal cells that elongated outwards
trichomes
chemical of collenchyma
pectin
special property of pectin
plasticity
chemical of sclerenchyma
lignin
chemical of epidermis
cutin/waxes
chemical of endodermis
- suberin
- lignin
chemical of cork (in bark)
suberin
special property of lignin
- strength
- waterproofing
special property of cutin/waxes
- waterproofing
- indigestible by bacteria, fungi, animals
special property of suberin
waterproofing
__ coat around __ fibers
hemicellulose coat around cellulose fibers
shape of tracheids
- long/narrow
- ends pointed
shape of vessel elements
- short/wide
- ends usually flat
secondary wall of tracheids
- annular
- scalariform
- helical
- reticulate
- circulate
- bordered pits
secondary wall of vessel elements
- annular
- scalariform
- helical
- reticulate
- circular border
- pits
perforations of tracheids
none
perforations of vessel elements
- usually two:
one in each end wall - terminate members with only one
shape of sieve cells
- long/narrow
- ends pointed
shape of sieve tube members
- short/wide
- ends usually flat
sieve areas of sieve cells
- small
- located over all the cell surface
sieve areas of sieve tube members
- on side walls
- small on end walls
- very large end wall is sieve plate
associated cells in sieve cells
albuminous cells
associated cells in sieve tube members
companion cells
plant division in sieve cells
all non-angiosperm vascular plants
plant division in sieve tube members
- angiosperms only
- some relictual angiosperms
Three Types of Plant Tissues
- Vascular Tissue
- Ground Tissue
- Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
- transport
- support
Ground Tissue
- synthesis of sugars
- storage
- support
Dermal Tissue
- protection
Vascular bundles are described as ___
Collateral (Xylem and Phloem are tandem)
First root
Radicle
Apical meristem divides to form, three meristematic regions
- Protoderm
- Procambium
- Ground meristem
Protoderm give rise to ___
Dermal tissue
Procambium / pro-vascular tissue give rise to ___
Primary xylem and phloem
Ground meristem give rise to ___
Pith and cortex
Protoxylem (matures) –> _____
metaxylem
Metaxylem gives rise to ___ and ___
Tracheids and vessel elements
Protophloem (matures) –> ____
Metaphloem
Metaphloem give rise to ___ and ___
Sieve tube and sieve cells
