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z - General Botany > Cellular Respiration (from maam) > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration (from maam) Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • crista
  • matrix
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2
Q
  • serves as a transport and signaling hub, and harbors numerous metabolic enzymes
  • enclosed by the outer and the inner membrane of the mitochondria
A

intermembrane space

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3
Q
  • folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.
A

Mitochondrial cristae

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4
Q
  • site of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a series of enzymatic reactions initiated by the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).
A

Mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Overview of Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Food breakdown
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic respiration
  4. Fermentation
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6
Q

Before food can be converted into ATP, it must be broken down into simpler forms of sugar, lipid, or amino acids

A

Stage 1: food breakdown

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7
Q

The simple molecules from stage 1 must be converted into a intermediate product before it can be converted into ATP.

A

Stage 2: glycolysis

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8
Q

in this step, food is converted into ATP

A

Stage 3: aerobic respiration

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9
Q

in the absence of oxygen, cells undergo this to produce ATP

A

fermentation

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10
Q

Main types of energy-releasing pathways

A
  1. Anaerobic pathways
  2. Aerobic pathways
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11
Q
  • Evolved first
  • Don’t require oxygen
  • Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • Completed in cytoplasm
A

anaerobic pathways

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12
Q

site of anaerobic pathways

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q
  • Evolved later
  • Require oxygen
  • Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • Completed in
    mitochondria
A

aerobic pathways

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14
Q

where aerobic pathways are completed

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

where aerobic pathways are started

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

basic units of proteins

A

amino acids

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17
Q

basic units of polysaccharides

A

simple sugars

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18
Q

basic units of fats

A
  • fatty acid
  • glycerol
19
Q

Two stages of glycolysis

A
  1. energy-requiring steps
  2. energy-releasing steps
20
Q

ATP energy activates glucose and its six-carbon derivatives

A

energy-requiring steps

21
Q
  • The products of the first part are split into three-carbon pyruvate molecules
  • ATP and NADH produced
A

energy-releasing steps

22
Q

Net energy yield from glycolysis:
energy requiring steps

A

2 ATP invested

23
Q

Net energy yield from glycolysis:
energy releasing steps

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
24
Q

Net yield of glycolysis

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
25
Q

Stage 3: Aerobic respiration

A
  1. Kreb cycle
  2. Electron transport chain
26
Q

One molecule of glucose is entirely consumed in the process of cellular respiration and converted to

A

six (6) molecules of CO2

27
Q

Energy of glucose is preserved in

A
  • 4 ATP molecules
  • 10 NADH electron carriers
  • 2 FADH2 electron carriers
28
Q

Krebs cycle:
The NADH and FADH2 carry their high-energy electrons to the __ __ __

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

29
Q

Krebs cycle:
NADH and FADH2 in the inner mitochondrial membrane transfer the high-energy electrons to a series of membrane-associated carriers - __ __ __

A

electron transport chain

30
Q

Three of these carriers are __ __ that pump protons __ of the matrix

A
  • protein complexes
  • out
31
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  1. Protein complex I
  2. Protein complex II
  3. Protein complex III
32
Q

___ activates all three pumps in the electron transport chain

A

NADH

33
Q

___ activates only two pumps

A

FADH2

34
Q

FADH2 activates what pumps

A
  • protein complex II
  • protein complex III
35
Q

proton pumps lead to an ___ in proton concentration in the intermembrane space

A

increase

36
Q

The proton gradient induces the protons to reenter the matrix through __ __ __

A

ATP synthase channels

37
Q

The proton reentry drives the synthesis of ATP by ___

A

chemiosmosis

38
Q

overview of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

A
  1. Electrons harvested and carried to transport system
  2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across membrane
  3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water
  4. Protons diffuse back in, driving synthesis of ATP
39
Q

Typical energy yield of aerobic respiration

A

36 ATP

40
Q

Overview of Anaerobic Respiration

A

Pyruvate + NADH2+ -> lactic acid + NAD+

or

Pyruvate + NADH2+ -> ethanol + CO2 + NAD+

41
Q

Glycolysis happens where

A

cytoplasm

42
Q

citric acid cycle happens where

A

matrix of mitochondria

43
Q

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation happens where

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

44
Q

Overview of Aerobic Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (energy)

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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