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z - General Botany > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

1
Q

Three (3) functions of roots

A
  1. Anchoring the plants firmly to substrate
  2. Absorbing water and minerals
  3. Producing hormone
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2
Q

Types of Root Systems

A
  1. Fibrous Root System
  2. Tap Root System
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3
Q

main root of a primary root system, growing vertically downward.

A

taproot

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4
Q

increase the surface area of a plant’s root system and can be found in great abundance in several plant species

A

lateral roots

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5
Q

cylindrical extensions of root epidermal cells that are important for acquisition of nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage

A

root hairs

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6
Q

External Structure of Roots

A
  • root hairs
  • area of cell differentiation
  • area of cell elongation
  • area of cell division
  • root cap
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7
Q

Internal Structure of Roots

A
  • root hair
  • epidermis
  • cortex
  • stele
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8
Q

central core of the stem and root of a vascular plant, consisting of the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and associated supporting tissue

A

stele

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9
Q

outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles

A

cortex

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10
Q

Primary meristems

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground meristem
  3. Procambium
  4. Apical meristem
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11
Q

Parts of stele

A
  • endodermis
  • pericycle
  • phloem
  • xylem
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12
Q

thin layer of tightly packed cells that act as an impermeable barrier or water repellant layer (the Casparian strip) through which water can move only one way, toward the center of the root system

A

endodermis

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13
Q

important tissue in roots, as this is the site where branch or secondary roots arise

A

pericycle

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14
Q

the continuous arrangement of protoplasts of a plant, which are interconnected by plasmodesmata.

A

Symplast

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15
Q

consists of non protoplasmic parts such as cell wall and intracellular space.

A

Apoplast

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16
Q

between protophloem and metaphloem

A

tangential

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17
Q

between companion cells and procambium cells

A

periclinal

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18
Q

different arrangements of the number of protoxylem groups in roots in cross-sectional view

A
  1. Diarch
  2. Triarch
  3. Tetrarch
  4. Polyarch
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19
Q

having two xylem strands or groups

A

diarch

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20
Q

having three xylem strands or groups

A

triarch

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21
Q

having four xylem strands or groups

A

tetrarch

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22
Q

having many protoxylem groups

A

polyarch

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23
Q

Features of Protoxylem and Metaxylem:
Time of formation

A

Protoxylem
- first formed xylem

Metaxylem
- late formed xylem

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24
Q

Features of Protoxylem and Metaxylem:
Life time

A

Protoxylem
- short period

Metaxylem
- long period

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25
Q

Features of Protoxylem and Metaxylem:
Fibers

A

Protoxylem
- lack fibers

Metaxylem
- has fibers

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26
Q

Features of Protoxylem and Metaxylem:
Vessels

A

Protoxylem
- narrow in diameter

Metaxylem
- broader vessels

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27
Q

Key to label:
Dermal

28
Q

Key to label:
Ground

A
  • cortex
  • endodermis
29
Q

Key to label:
Vascular

A
  • vascular cylinder
  • pericycle
  • core of parenchyma cells (monocots)
  • xylem
  • phloem
30
Q

guides root growth and development by modulating cell division, cell expansion and stem cell differentiation

A

auxin maximum

31
Q

found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Root nodules

32
Q

nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria

33
Q

detached living portion of a plant (such as a bud or shoot) joined to a stock in grafting

34
Q
  • increase the absorptive and transport capacities of the root system
  • roots do not arise on pre-existing roots and are not radicles
A

adventitious roots

35
Q
  • lubricates passage of the
    root through the soil
  • causes soil to release its nutrient ions and permits the ions to diffuse more rapidly toward the root
36
Q
  • thick layer of cells at forefront of growing tip
  • Cells secrete mucigel to help them glide through the soil but the soil is just plain scratchy and these cells are constantly being destroyed.
37
Q
  • Includes the apical meristem, which is a group of cells specialized for the production of new cells
  • located at the farthest point of the tissue or the organ produced (found in both shoots and roots)
  • just behind the root cap
A

Zone of Cell Division

38
Q
  • Just behind the root apical meristem
  • region where cells expand greatly
  • some meristematic activity continues, but mostly cells are enlarging
  • Cells begin to differentiate into a visible pattern, although none of the cells is mature
A

Zone of Cell Elongation

39
Q
  • The vascular tissues of the root become differentiated
  • Instead of forming bundles containing xylem and phloem, as in leaves and young shoots, the xylem forms a solid mass in the center, surrounded by strands of phloem
A

Zone of Maturation/
Zone of Cell Differentiation

40
Q
  • taproot develops from the primary root (radicle)
  • there is one single large root with smaller branch roots
A

Taproot system

41
Q
  • fibrous roots come out directly from the hypocotyl or may branch off from the primary root
  • the primary root degenerates so that there are many smaller roots of the same diameter and size
A

Fibrous root system

42
Q

Modifications in Roots

A

For
1. food storage
2. mechanical support
3. vital functions
4. other functions

43
Q

For storage of food

A
  1. fusiform roots
  2. napiform
  3. conical
  4. tuberous
  5. fasciculated
  6. nodulose
  7. moniliform
  8. annulated
44
Q
  • spindle-shaped taproots
  • swollen in the middle and tapering on both ends
A

fusiform roots

45
Q
  • spherical-shaped taproots
  • much swollen at the top and abruptly tapers towards the lower end
A

napiform roots

46
Q
  • cone-shaped taproots
  • broad at the top and gradually tapers towards the lower end
A

conical roots

47
Q
  • irregularly swollen taproots
  • does not form a definite shape
A

tuberous roots

48
Q

in adventitious roots, cluster of rootlets swollen at the base

A

fasciculated roots

49
Q

in adventitious roots, the slender root becomes swollen at the apex

A

nodulose roots

50
Q

in adventitious roots, the rootlets are repeatedly swollen giving a beaded appearance

A

moniliform roots

51
Q

in adventitious roots, the root has ring-like swellings

A

annulated roots

52
Q

For mechanical support

A
  1. prop roots
  2. stilt or brace roots
  3. climbing roots
  4. root buttress
53
Q

arise from stem branches and grow vertically downwards to the ground

A

prop roots

54
Q

arise from the nodes of the main stem

A

stilt or brace roots

55
Q

arise from the nodes and clasp a support like fence, stake or another plant

A

climbing roots

56
Q

in tall trees, the normal spreading taproots show ridge or plank like growth

A

root buttress

57
Q

For vital functions

A
  1. assimilatory roots
  2. respiratory roots or pneumatophores
  3. floating roots
58
Q

other term for respiratory roots

A

pneumatophores

59
Q

roots become green and perform photosynthesis

A

assimilatory roots

60
Q

roots become aerotropic and come out of the soil to facilitate oxygen supply to the roots beneath

A

respiratory roots or pneumatophores

61
Q
  • sponge roots with large aerenchyma providing buoyancy to the plant
  • also respiratory in function
A

floating roots

62
Q

For other functions

A
  1. clinging roots
  2. epiphytic roots
  3. parasitic or haustorial or sucking roots
  4. contractile or pull roots
  5. epiphyllous roots
63
Q

in epiphytes, roots which arise to fix the plant to the substratum

A

clinging roots

64
Q

aerial roots covered by a hygroscopic velamen tissue which absorbs water from the air

A

epiphytic roots

65
Q

roots that penetrate the host plant and absorb nutrient from it

A

parasitic or haustorial or sucking roots

66
Q

roots that undergo contraction at the uppermost part due to the changes in the shape of the cortical cells

A

contractile or pull roots

67
Q
  • roots arising from epiphyllous buds in some plant
  • become functional when the buds detach from the plant
A

epiphyllous roots

z - General Botany (14 decks)

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