Structure of Woody Plants

Question 1

Primary Growth

Answer 1

• growth in length
• production of leaves
• production of branches

Question 2

Secondary Growth

Answer 2

Growth in girth in:
- stems
- roots

Question 3

Primary Tissues

Answer 3

• epidermis
• cortex
• vascular bundles
• pith
• leaves

Question 4

Secondary Tissues

Answer 4

• wood
• bark

Question 5

wood

Answer 5

secondary xylem

Question 6

bark

Answer 6

secondary phloem and cork

Question 7

Important consequence of secondary growth and production of woody body in plants

Answer 7

• stability
• protection (herbivores and harsh environment)
• longer lifespan

Question 8

Disadvantage of secondary growth and production of woody body in plants

Answer 8

• utilize more energy
• increase in height (water and nutrient can’t be easily distributed)

Question 9

How many times did the evolution of secondary growth happen in 420 million years of the existence of vascular plants

Answer 9

3 times

Question 10

When did the evolution of secondary growth happen

Answer 10

370 million years ago

Question 11

Where did the secondary growth evolve from

Answer 11

one group of ancestral woody vascular plants that include all seed plants

Question 12

_____ is a new phenomenon within the flowering plants

Answer 12

herbaceousness

Question 13

Presence of Secondary Growth in modern ferns

Answer 13

absent in all species

Question 14

Presence of Secondary Growth in gymnosperms

Answer 14

present in all species

Question 15

Presence of Secondary Growth in dicots

Answer 15

present in many species, but many other species are herbs

Question 16

Presence of Secondary Growth in monocots

Answer 16

ordinary type is absent in all species, but some have anomalous secondary growth

Question 17

Example of monocots with secondary growth

Answer 17

• palm trees
• yucca plant

Question 18

Why can’t monocots have secondary growth

Answer 18

because of scattered vascular cambium

Question 19

Two types of cells in vascular cambium

Answer 19

1. fusiform initials
2. ray initials

Question 20

What makes up the vascular cambium

Answer 20

• interfascicular cambium
• fascicular cambium

Question 21

A strip of cambium that originates from the procambiun is present between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle

Answer 21

fascicular cambium

Question 22

The cambial layer formed between the two vascular bundles

Answer 22

interfascicular cambium

Question 23

studies trees and shrubs in order to improve the health and safety of the individual plants

Answer 23

arborist

Question 24

technique that kills woody plants in place without cutting them down

Answer 24

Girdling

Question 25

Vascular cambium: After one year of growth

Answer 25

secondary xylem

Question 26

Vascular cambium: After two years of growth

Answer 26

secondary phloem

Question 27

direction of secondary growth

Answer 27

outwards

Question 28

Secondary xylem

Answer 28

late wood + early wood

Question 29

Periderm

Answer 29

cork cambium + cork

Question 30

an undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants

Answer 30

apical meristem

Question 31

primary meristems

Answer 31

1. Protoderm 2. Ground meristem 3. Procambium

Question 32

primary tissues

Answer 32

1. Epidermis 2. Cortex 3. Vascular cylinder

Question 33

apical meristem --> protoderm --> ___

Answer 33

epidermis

Question 34

apical meristem --> ground meristem --> ___

Answer 34

cortex

Question 35

apical meristem --> procambium --> ___

Answer 35

vascular cylinder

Question 36

What are included in the vascular cylinder

Answer 36

1. Pericycle 2. Undifferentiated procambium 3. Primary phloem 4. Primary xylem

Question 37

primary tissue of plant roots and is the site for the initiation of lateral roots and two secondary meristems

Answer 37

Pericycle

Question 38

Pericycle gives rise to

Answer 38

- cork cambium - vascular cambium

Question 39

Undifferentiated procambium give rise to

Answer 39

vascular cambium

Question 40

cork cambium give rise to

Answer 40

- cork - phelloderm

Question 41

cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm constitute the ___

Answer 41

periderm

Question 42

vascular cambium gives rise to

Answer 42

- secondary phloem - secondary xylem

Question 43

Secondary tissues from pericycle and undifferentiated procambium

Answer 43

- cork - phelloderm - secondary phloem - secondary xylem

Question 44

produce radial files of parenchyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays that transfer water and nutrients laterally within the woody stem and in the storage of starch and other reserves

Answer 44

ray initials

Question 45

elongated cells that form secondary xylem to the inside of the vascular cambium and secondary phloem to the outside

Answer 45

fusiform initials

Question 46

tracheids in gymnosperm and dicots

Answer 46

Gymnosperm: present Dicots: present

Question 47

Vessels in gymnosperms and dicots

Answer 47

Gymnosperm: absent (except in 3 groups) Dicots: present

Question 48

Fibers in gymnosperms and dicots

Answer 48

Gymnosperm: very rare Dicots: present

Question 49

Parenchyma in gymnosperms and dicots

Answer 49

Gymnosperm: very rare Dicots: present

Question 50

Ray parenchyma in gymnosperms and dicots

Answer 50

Gymnosperm: present Dicots: present

Question 51

Ray tracheids in gymnosperm and dicots

Answer 51

Gymnosperm: present Dicots: absent

Question 52

What are included in the axial system

Answer 52

- tracheids - vessels - fibers - parenchyma

Question 53

the increment of wood added during a single growth period

Answer 53

growth ring

Question 54

The portion of the branches enclosed within the woods

Answer 54

encased knots

Question 55

At the very center and is the oldest part of the tree

Answer 55

pith

Question 56

- dead, central wood of trees - cells usually contain tannins or other substances that make it dark in color and sometimes aromatic

Answer 56

heartwood

Question 57

the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue

Answer 57

sapwood

Question 58

one of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues

Answer 58

lenticel

Question 59

form a barrier to the apoplastic flux, forcing ions to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, rather than move along the cell wall

Answer 59

Casparian strip

Question 60

what is the Casparian strip made out of

Answer 60

suberin

Question 61

exodermis are made out of

Answer 61

sclerenchyma

Question 62

cortex are made out of what cells

Answer 62

parenchyma cells