Flowers and Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
Advantage of sexual reproduction
A
produces genetic variation in the offspring
2
Q
Parts of pistil
A
- stigma
- style
- ovary
3
Q
Parts of stamen
A
- anther
- filament
4
Q
The stalk of a flower
A
Pedicel
5
Q
stalk of the whole inflorescence
A
Peduncle
6
Q
The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
A
Receptacle
7
Q
The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
A
Sepal
8
Q
The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.
A
Petal
9
Q
The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.
A
Stamen
10
Q
The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
A
Anther
11
Q
The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
A
Pistil
12
Q
The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
A
Stigma
13
Q
The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.
A
Ovary
14
Q
Pollen grains
A
- microspore
- microspore nucleus (haploid)
15
Q
Ovule
A
- megaspore
- megaspore nucleus (haploid)
16
Q
where does meiosis of microsporocyte happen
A
stamen
17
Q
where does meiosis of megasporocyte happen
A
carpels
18
Q
what is produced after the meiosis of microsporocytes
A
4 microspores
19
Q
what is produced after the meiosis of megasporocytes
A
- 1 megaspore
- 3 small, dead cells
20
Q
what is produced after the mitosis of the 4 microspores
A
- vegetative cell
- generative cell
21
Q
what is formed after the growth of the vegetative cell
A
pollen tube
22
Q
what is produced after mitosis of the generative cell
A
2 sperm cells
23
Q
what is produced after the mitosis of the megaspore
A
8 nuclei in 1 cell
24
Q
how many mitotic divisions does the megaspore undergo
A
3
25
8 nuclei in 1 cell
- 3 antipodal cells (haploid)
- 2 polar nuclei in central cell (each is haploid)
- 2 synergid cells (haploid)
- 1 egg cell (haploid)
26
egg apparatus
- 2 synergid cells
- 1 egg cell
27
- an essential constituent of seeds in flowering plants
- It originates from a fertilization event parallel to the fertilization that gives rise to the embryo
endosperm
28
- seed leaf within the embryo of a seed
- help supply the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthetic organism and may themselves be a source of nutritional reserves or may aid the embryo in metabolizing nutrition stored elsewhere in the seed
Cotyledons
29
generates leaf, stem and floral structures throughout the plant's lifetime
shoot apical meristem
30
the part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root.
hypocotyl
31
the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root.
radicle
32
a terminally differentiated embryonic region that connects the embryo to surrounding tissues during early seed development
suspensor
33
where are seeds from?
ovule
34
where are fruits from?
ovary
35
seed
- endosperm
- embryo
- seed coat
36
pericarp
- endocarp
- mesocarp
- exocarp
37
Modifications in Flowers
1. Complete flowers
2. Incomplete flowers
38
have all four organs
complete flowers
39
lacks one or more of the four organs
incomplete flowers
40
what are the four organs of the flower
1. sepals
2. petals
3. stamens
4. pistils
41
example of complete flowers
- morning glory
- tiger lily
42
example of incomplete flowers
- squash
- corn
43
Modification in flowers (in terms of stamens and pistils)
1. Perfect flowers
2. Imperfect flowers
44
have both stamens and pistils
perfect flowers
45
either have a functioning stamen or pistil, but not both
imperfect flowers
46
example of perfect flowers
lily
47
example of imperfect flowers
- cucumber
- squash
48
Three ovary position
1. hypogynous flower
2. perigynous flower
3. epigynous flower
49
flower with an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts
hypogynous flower
50
thalamus forms a cup-shaped structure around the ovary, and sepals, petals and stamens appear to be inserted on the rim of the cup
perigynous flowers
51
the ovary is inferior, and the petals, sepals, and stamens appear to arise from the top of the ovary
epigynous flowers
52
somatic helper tissue neighboring microsporocytes and supporting gametogenesis
tapetum
53
diploid cells capable of undergoing meiosis to form a tetrad (four joined cells) of haploid microspores.
microsporocytes
54
provides protection to the ovules that contain the egg — the female gametes
ovary wall
55
the surface of the carpel (highly modified leaf) to which the ovules (potential seeds) are attached.
placenta
56
organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants
ovule
57
stalk that attaches an ovule to the placenta
funiculus
58
the outer layer(s) of the ovule and develop into a seed coat as the ovule matures following fertilization
integuments
59
- a small opening that is found in the ovule, just close to the hilum and is retained in the seed after fertilization
- `seeds absorb water mainly through it when soaked
- helps in respiration and in the exchange of gases
micropyle
60
- the mass of parenchymatous tissue which is surrounded by the integumentary layers in an ovule
- the central part of an ovule that encloses the embryo sac i.e., the female gametophyte
Nucellus
61
A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores as part of megasporogenesis
megasporocyte
62
Two basic arrangements of inflorescence
1. determinate inflorescence
2. indeterminate inflorescence
63
a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches
inflorescence
64
the youngest flowers are at the top of an elongated axis or on the center of a truncated axis
indeterminate inflorescences
65
example of indeterminate inflorescence
raceme
66
the youngest flowers are at the bottom of an elongated axis or on the outside of a truncated axis
determinate inflorescences
67
example of determinate inflorescence
cyme
68
Flowers on a main stem; bottom florets open first
Spike
69
Modified spike with flowers attached with tiny stems
Raceme
70
A flower spike with repeated branching. It can be made up of corymbs, umbels, racemes, or spikes
Panicle
71
- many-flowered inflorescence with an indeterminate central axis and many opposite, lateral dichasia
- mixed inflorescence, with determinate and indeterminate shoots.
Thyrse
72
- type of racemose inflorescence with indefinite growth of the main axis
- main axis is unbranched and drooping
- bears sessile flowers close to the peduncle in an acropetal manner.
Catkin
73
- type of simple racemose inflorescence
- a modification of catkin in which the peduncle (primary stalk of the inflorescence) is thick and fleshy and is called spike
Spadix
74
Small stems arranged along the main stem. Outer florets have longer stems than inner florets giving the display a “flat” top
Corymb
75
Similar look as a corymb, however the small stems are attached to the main flower stem at a single point. The outer florets open first
Umbel
76
- A daisy-like flower composed of ray flowers around the edge and disc flowers in the center of the flat head
- The disc flowers produce the seeds: sunflowers, asters
- On some examples, the ray flowers and disc flowers look similar
Capitulum
77
Types of raceme inflorescence
- simple (alternate)
- simple (opposite)
- compound (double)
78
Types of corymb inflorescence
- simple
- compound
79
Types of umbel inflorescence
- simple (round)
- simple (flat)
- compound (triple)
79
a cyme with only a single lateral branch
monochasium
80
helicoid cyme with branching on the same side often leading it to curl
bostryx
81
scorpioid cyme with alternate branching in a spiral-like pattern
cincinnus
82
scorpioid cyme with alternate branching in a zig-zag pattern
rhipidium
83
a simple cyme in which the main axis divides into two lateral branches
dichasium
84
a branched dichasium
compound dichasium
85
a determinate thyrse
compound cyme
86
assist with fertilization by being the location where pollen tubes travel to deliver sperm cells to the egg
style
87
- serves as a vehicle that delivers male gametes (sperm cells) to a female gametophyte during double fertilization, which eventually leads to the seed formation
- one of the fastest elongating structures in plants.
Pollen tube
88
an oval structure present in the ovule of flowering plants
embryo sac
89
- thickened part in the stem of the flower
- also known as the receptacle or torus
- located at the stalk of the flower and contains distinct nodes and internodes
- supplies nutrients to the flower
Thalamus
90
fruit wall
pericarp
91
Types of fruit
1. simple fruit
2. aggregate fruit
3. multiple fruit
92
develops from one single ovary
simple fruit
93
example of simple fruit
- apple
- peach
- tomato
94
- fruit in which there is one flower, but many ovaries
- carpels of flowers not fused, but grow together during fruit maturation
aggregate fruit
95
example of aggregate fruit
- blackberries
- raspberries
96
- also called collective fruits
- fruits that formed from more than one flower, which is commonly called inflorescence
Multiple fruits
97
example of multiple fruit
- pineapple
- mulberry
98
Three categories of fruits
1. Fleshy fruits
2. Dry fruits
3. Compound fruits
99
Fleshy fruits
1. berry
2. pome
3. drupe
4. pepo
5. hesperidium
100
a fleshy fruit in which all three layers- endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp- are soft
berry
101
example of berries
- grape
- tomato
102
similar to berry except that the endocarp is papery or leathery
pome
103
example of pome
apple
104
similar to a berry except that the endocarp is hard, sclerenchymatous
drupe
105
example of drupes
- peach
- cherry
- plum
- apricot
106
- fleshy fruit in which the exocarp is a tough, hard rind
- inner soft tissues may not be differentiated into two distinct layers
pepo
107
example of pepo
- pumpkin
- squash
- cantelope
108
exocarp is leathery
hesperidium
109
example of hesperidium
citrus fruits
110
Dry fruits
1. indehiscent fruits
2. dehiscent fruits
111
the pericarp splits open at maturity and releases the seeds
dehiscent fruits
112
the pericarp remains intact when the fruit is shed from the plant
indehiscent fruits
113
Indehiscent fruits
1. Developing from a single carpel
2. Developing from a compound gynoecium (compound pistil)
114
Indehiscent fruits:
Developing from a single carpel
1. caryopsis
2. achene
3. samara
115
- simple and small
- containing only one seed
- the testa (seed coat) becomes fused to the fruit wall during maturation
caryopsis
116
example of caryopsis
- wheat
- corn
- oats
117
- like a caryopsis, but the seed and fruit remain distinct
- fruit wall is thin and papery
achene
118
example of achene
sunflowers
119
one-seeded fruit with winglike outgrowths of the ovary wall
samara
120
example of samara
- maples
- alder
- ash
121
Indehiscent fruits:
Developing from a compound gynoecium (compound pistil)
Nut
122
- although the gynoecium originally consists of several carpels and ovules, all but one ovule degenerate during development
- pericarp is hard at maturity
nut
123
example of nut
walnut
124
Dehiscent fruits
1. Developing from a single carpel
2. Developing from a compound gynoecium
125
Dehiscent fruits:
Developing from a single carpel
1. Legume
2. Follicle
126
fruit breaks open along both sides
legume
127
example of legumes
- beans
- peas
128
fruit breaks open on only one side
follicle
129
example of follicle
- columbine
- milkweeds
130
Dehiscent fruits:
Developing from a compound gynoecium
1. capsule
2. schizocarp
131
opens many ways
capsule
132
capsule:
splitting along lines of fusion
hyperium
133
capsule:
splitting between lines of fusion
iris
134
capsule:
splitting into a top and bottom half
primrose
135
capsule:
opening by small pores
poppy
136
compound ovary breaks into individual carpels called mericarps
schizocarp
137
Agents of Dispersal:
Animals
zoochory
138
Agents of Dispersal:
attached to animal
epizoochory
139
Agents of Dispersal:
eaten by animal
endozoochory
140
Agents of Dispersal:
birds
ornithochory
141
Agents of Dispersal:
mammals
mammaliochory
142
Agents of Dispersal:
bats
chiropterochory
143
Agents of Dispersal:
ants
myrmecochory
144
Agents of Dispersal:
wind
anemochory
145
Agents of Dispersal:
water
hydrochory
146
Agents of Dispersal:
dispersed by the plant itself
autochory
147
Compound fruits
1. Aggregate fruits
2. Multiple fruits
