Photosynthesis (from maam)

Question 1

process that captures light energy and transforms into the chemical energy of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Photosynthesis

Question 2

Where does photosynthesis occur

Answer 2

• plasma membranes of some bacteria
• cells of algae
• leaves of plants

Question 3

• outermost layer of plants, which covers leaves, fruits, flowers, and non-woody stems of higher plants.
• protects plants against drought, extreme temperatures, UV radiation, chemical attack, mechanical injuries, and pathogen/pest infection.

Answer 3

cuticle

Question 4

• outermost, protoderm-derived layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant
• this and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection

Answer 4

epidermis

Question 5

• internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layers of the leaf
• composed of two kinds of tissues

Answer 5

Mesophyll

Question 6

Two kinds of tissues in the mesophyll

Answer 6

1. Palisade mesophyll
2. Spongy mesophyll

Question 7

• where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf
• contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis
• closely packed together to maximize light absorption.

Answer 7

palisade mesophyll layer

Question 8

site of gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and respiration

Answer 8

Spongy mesophyll layer

Question 9

• conducting vessel of a plant
• consists of the xylem and phloem.

Answer 9

vascular bundle

Question 10

• layer of compactly arranged parenchyma surrounding the vasculature
• conduit between the vasculature and the mesophyll cells.

Answer 10

bundle sheath

Question 11

• pores on the surface of the leaves and other aerial parts of most higher plants
• allow uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and the loss of water vapor from the transpiration stream

Answer 11

Stomata

Question 12

Parts of the chloroplast

Answer 12

• outer membrane
• inner membrane
• stroma
• granum
• thylakoid

Question 13

basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts

Answer 13

Granum

Question 14

fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplasts which encircle the grana and the thylakoids

Answer 14

Stroma

Question 15

site of photochemical or light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 15

Thylakoid

Question 16

Two reactions that happen in the three stages of photosynthesis

Answer 16

1. Light-dependent reactions
2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Question 17

Three stages of photosynthesis

Answer 17

1. Capturing energy from sunlight
2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH
3. Using ATP and NADPH to power synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2

Question 18

first and second stage of photosynthesis

Answer 18

light-dependent reactions

Question 19

third stage of photosynthesis

Answer 19

light-independent reactions

Question 20

formula of photosynthesis

Answer 20

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 21

Where does the three stages of photosynthesis occur

Answer 21

chloroplast

Question 22

pigment of plants that capture light

Answer 22

chlorophyll

Question 23

• occur in the thylakoid membrane
• Use sun’s energy to excite electrons to higher energy levels

Answer 23

Light-dependent reactions

Question 24

Excited electrons of light-dependent reactions

Answer 24

• move through an electron transport chain, potential energy converted to some ATP (photosystem 2)
• packed into NADPH (photosystem 1)

Question 25

The ___ and ___ are then used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars

Answer 25

- ATP - NADPH

Question 26

Light consists of tiny packets of energy called ___

Answer 26

photons

Question 27

High energy photons have ___ ___/___ ___ than low energy photons

Answer 27

- shorter wavelengths - higher frequency

Question 28

full range of photons

Answer 28

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 29

visible light

Answer 29

400nm - 740nm

Question 30

molecules that absorb light energy

Answer 30

pigments

Question 31

chlorophylls in plants

Answer 31

- chlorophyll a - chlorophyll b

Question 32

- capture wavelengths not efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll - example of accessory pigments

Answer 32

carotenoids

Question 33

absorption spectrum of carotenoids

Answer 33

400nm - 500 nm

Question 34

pigment-protein complex in the thylakoid membrane forms the ___

Answer 34

photosystem

Question 35

Chlorophyll is embedded in a __ __ in the thylakoid membrane

Answer 35

protein complex

Question 36

Five stages of light-dependent reactions

Answer 36

1. Capturing light 2. Exciting an electron 3. Electron transport 4. Making ATP 5. Making NADPH

Question 37

The __ __ of photosystem II first captures the photons

Answer 37

antenna complex

Question 38

antenna complex

Answer 38

- generates high-energy electron that is passed through an electron transport system - drives synthesis of ATP

Question 39

The electron is then transferred to __ __

Answer 39

photosystem I

Question 40

electron of photosystem 1

Answer 40

- gets energy boost from another photon of light - pass through another electron transport system - drives synthesis of NADPH

Question 41

__ __ is transferred between molecules

Answer 41

Excitation energy

Question 42

Lost electron is replaced by one from __ __

Answer 42

water breakdown

Question 43

Plants use two photosystems that occur in series. The process is called __ __

Answer 43

noncyclic photophosphorylation

Question 44

noncyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 44

photosystem II -> electron transport system -> photosystem I -> electron transport system

Question 45

- Occur in the stroma of the chloroplast - Occur without the presence of sunlight - Carbon molecules from CO2 are fixed into glucose.

Answer 45

light-independent reactions

Question 46

carbon molecules in light-independent reactions

Answer 46

- fixed into glucose - from CO2

Question 47

site of calvin cycle

Answer 47

stroma

Question 48

absorption spectrum of chlorophyll b

Answer 48

mostly 453nm and 642 nm

Question 49

absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a

Answer 49

around 450-475 nm and 650-675 nm