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Biology V > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of one of more cell types which carry out specialized functions

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2
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • It covers internal and external free surfaces and organs
  • The cells of tissues are closely packed
  • Cells of epithelial tissue have both apical and basal surfaces where apical surface remains free and the basal surface is attached to the basement membrane
  • No blood vessels are present in the tissue
  • Tissue gets nutrients and oxygen from the underneath connective tissues
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4
Q

where do epithelial tissues get nutrients and oxygen?

A

from underneath connective tissues

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5
Q

Describe the 2 surfaces of an epithelial tissue

A

Cells of epithelial tissue have both apical and basal surfaces where apical surface remains free and the basal surface is attached to the basement membrane

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6
Q

Write the functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection
    ex: barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss)
  2. Absorption
    ex: nutrients
  3. Secretion
    ex: enzymes
    hormones
    mucus
    sweat
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7
Q

What do epithelial tissues secrete?

A

enzymes
hormones
mucus
sweat

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8
Q

How do epithelial tissues function in protection?

A

it acts as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelia?

A

Simple epithelia

Compound epithelia

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10
Q

Describe simple epithelia

A

It’s a single cell layer

ex:
- simple squamous
- simple cuboidal
- simple columnar
-pseudostratified columnar

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11
Q

Describe compound epithelia

A

Several cell layers

ex:
stratified squamous
transitional

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12
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. It’s a single cell layer with plate-like cells
  2. This epithelium type is thin and leaky
  3. They’re found in places where materials exchange by diffusion

Ex: Alveoli, Blood capillaries

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13
Q

Describe the physical appearance of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. It’s a single cell layer with plate-like cells
  2. This epithelium type is thin and leaky
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14
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

in places where materials exchange by diffusion

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15
Q

Give examples for simple squamous epithelium

A

Blood Capillaries
Alveoli

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16
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. It’s a single cell layer with dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion
  2. It’s found in
    kidney tubules
    many glands
    thyroid glands
    salivary glands
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17
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A
  • It’s a single layer with large, brick-shaped cells
  • It’s often found in places where secretion and active absorption is important

ex: intestinal lining

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18
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium physically

A

It’s a single layer with large, brick-shaped cells

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19
Q

Where’s simple columnar epithelium found?

A

in places where secretion and active absorption is important

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20
Q

examples for simple columnar epithelium

A

ex: intestinal lining

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21
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelium physically

A

It’s a single cell layer with dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion

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22
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

It’s found in:

kidney tubules
many glands
thyroid glands
salivary glands

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23
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • this tissue consists of a single cell layer
  • cells are not of equal height
  • nuclei of cells are located at different levels. so, cells appear as several layers
  • In many vertebrates, this epithelium has ciliated cells that form a mucous membrane and the cilia help sweep mucous along the surface

ex: nasal passage, trachea

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24
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium physically

A
  • this tissue consists of a single cell layer
  • cells are not of equal height
  • nuclei of cells are located at different levels. so, cells appear as several layers
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25
Q

What’s the purpose of a mucous membrane in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

In many vertebrates, this epithelium has ciliated cells that form a mucous membrane and the cilia help sweep mucous along the surface

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26
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

nasal passage

trachea

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27
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • this tissue is composed of a number of cell layers
  • this epithelium regenerates rapidly
  • cell division produces new cells near the basement membrane
  • the old cells are sloughed off and replaced by new cells
  • this epithelium is found on surfaces where they are subjected to abrasion such as outer skin and lining of mouth, anus and vagina
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28
Q

where’s stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

on surfaces where they are subjected to abrasion such as outer skin and lining of mouth, anus and vagina

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29
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelium’s regeneration

A
  • this epithelium regenerates rapidly
  • cell division produces new cells near the basement membrane
  • the old cells are sloughed off and replaced by new cells
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissues are the most abundant tissues in the body that help connect organs and other tissues together structurally and functionally
  2. These tissues consist of different cell types scattered in a large amount of extracellular matrix containing different fiber types
  3. Matrix may be solid, semi solid (jelly like) or liquid
  4. Different cell types can be found in the matrix such as
  5. Fibroblasts - secrete fiber proteins
  6. Macrophages - engulf foreign particles/ any cell debris by phagocytosis
  7. Mast cells - secrete heparin and histamine
  8. Fat cells - storage and insulation
  9. leukocytes - protection
  10. There are 3 different fiber types
  • collagen fibers: provide strength and flexibility
  • reticular fibers - join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
  • elastic fibers - make tissues elastic
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31
Q

3 different fiber types

A
  • collagen fibers: provide strength and flexibility
  • reticular fibers - join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
  • elastic fibers - make tissues elastic
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32
Q

function of collagen fibers

A

provide strength and flexibility

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33
Q

function of reticular fibers

A

join connective tissues to adjacent tissues

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34
Q

function of elastic fibers

A

make tissues elastic

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35
Q

different cell types found in the matrix

A
  1. Fibroblasts - secrete fiber proteins
  2. Macrophages - engulf foreign particles/ any cell debris by phagocytosis
  3. Mast cells - secrete heparin and histamine
  4. Fat cells - storage and insulation
  5. leukocytes - protection
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36
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

secrete fiber proteins

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37
Q

function of macrophages

A

engulf foreign particles/ any cell debris by phagocytosis

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38
Q

function of mast cells

A

secrete heparin and histamine

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39
Q

fat cells function

A

storage and insulation

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40
Q

leukocytes function

A

protection

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41
Q

Describe the matrix

A

tissues consist of different cell types scattered in a large amount of extracellular matrix containing different fiber types

Matrix may be solid, semi solid (jelly like) or liquid

Different cell types can be found in the matrix such as

  1. Fibroblasts - secrete fiber proteins
  2. Macrophages - engulf foreign particles/ any cell debris by phagocytosis
  3. Mast cells - secrete heparin and histamine
  4. Fat cells - storage and insulation
  5. leukocytes - protection

There are 3 different fiber types

  • collagen fibers: provide strength and flexibility
  • reticular fibers - join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
  • elastic fibers - make tissues elastic
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42
Q

What’s the most abundant tissue in the body?

A

connective tissue

43
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding and structural support
  2. Protection
  3. Material Transport
  4. Insulation
44
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Areolar/Loose connective tissue
Fibrous/dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone

45
Q

Describe loose CT / areolar tissue

A
  • Most widely distributed CT in the vertebrate body.
  • It is the generalized type of CT
  • Cell types in this tissue are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, fat cells and leukocytes
  • Cell types in this tissue are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, fat cells and leukocytes
  • All 3 fiber types are found in this tissue
  • Fibers are loosely arranged and wavy in nature
  • This tissue binds epithelia and underlying tissue. So, it holds organs in place
  • This tissue is found under the skin and throughout the body
46
Q

Describe the cells in areolar tissue

A
  • Cell types in this tissue are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, fat cells and leukocytes
47
Q

Describe the fiber types in areolar tissue

A
  • All 3 fiber types are found in this tissue
  • Fibers are loosely arranged and wavy in nature
48
Q

Function of areolar tissue

A
  • This tissue binds epithelia and underlying tissue. So, it holds organs in place
49
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A
  • This tissue is found under the skin and throughout the body
50
Q

What’s the most widely distributed type of connective tissue in the vertebrate body?

A

Areolar tissue

51
Q

What’s the generalized type of CT

A

Areolar tissue

52
Q

Describe dense CT/ fibrous tissue

A
  • This tissue is densely packed with collagen fibers
  • So matrix is relatively reduced and contains fewer cells (fibrocytes)
  • This tissue is found in tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (connect bones at joints) where tensile strength is required
53
Q

location of fibrous tissue

A
  • This tissue is found in tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (connect bones at joints) where tensile strength is required
54
Q

describe matrix of dense CT

A
  • This tissue is densely packed with collagen fibers
  • So matrix is relatively reduced and contains fewer cells (fibrocytes)
55
Q

Which tissue is densely packed with collagen fibers?

A

Dense CT

56
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A
  • This tissue is packed with adipose cells
  • Each adipose cell contains a large, fat droplet
  • This is a specialized type of CT which pads and insulates the body and stores fuel in fat molecules
  • It’s found under the skin where it acts as a thermal insulator and energy store
57
Q

Adipose tissue location

A

It’s found under the skin where it acts as a thermal insulator and energy store

58
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A

This is a specialized type of CT which pads and insulates the body and stores fuel in fat molecules

59
Q

What does each adipose cell contain?

A

A large, fat droplet

60
Q

Describe blood tissue

A
  • It’s a specialized CT where the matrix isn’t secreted by blood cells and fibers are only formed during clotting
  • The extracellular matrix is a liquid called plasma
  • Blood plasma contains salts, water and dissolved proteins
  • Cells such as RBC (transport respiratory gases), WBC (involved in defense) and platelets (involved in blood clotting) are suspended in the plasma
  • Main functions of blood are transport of materials, defense and osmoregulation
61
Q

When are fibers formed in blood tissue?

A

clotting

62
Q

Components of blood plasma

A

salts, water and dissolved proteins

63
Q

Cells in plasma

A

RBC (transport respiratory gases), WBC (involved in defense) and platelets (involved in blood clotting) are suspended in the plasma

64
Q

Main functions of blood

A

transport of materials, defense and osmoregulation

65
Q

Describe cartilage

A
  • This tissue consists of a matrix composed of chondroitin sulphate which is a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex
  • Collagen fibers and chondrocytes are embedded in the matrix
  • Chondrocytes secrete chondroitin sulphate and fibers
  • This tissue provides support and flexibility at trachea and intervertebral discs
66
Q

Composition of cartilage matrix

A

chondroitin sulphate which is a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex

67
Q

What components are embedded in cartilage matrix?

A

Collagen fibers and chondrocytes

68
Q

Function of chondrocytes

A

secrete chondroitin sulphate and fibers

69
Q

Function of cartilage

A

This tissue provides support and flexibility at trachea and intervertebral discs

70
Q

Location of cartilage

A

Trachea, intervertebral discs

71
Q

Describe bone

A
  • It’s a mineralized CT
  • Matrix consists of collagen fibers and inorganics salts
  • The inorganic components are calcium, phosphate ions and magnesium
  • The cells are osteoblasts (bone forming cells) and osteocytes (mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue)
  • Osteocytes are enclosed within lacunae
  • The mammalian bone has repeating units called osteons
  • Each osteon has a concentric layer of mineralized materials
  • AT the center of osteon is a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
  • This tissue forms endoskeleton in most vertebrates and provides strength and support to body
72
Q

Composition of bone matrix

A

collagen fibers and inorganic salts

73
Q

Inorganic components in matrix

A

phosphate ions, calcium, magnesium

74
Q

cells in bone tissue

A

osteoblasts (bone forming tissue)

osteocytes (mature bone cells which maintain bone tissue)

75
Q

How are osteocytes enclosed?

A

within lacunae

76
Q

Describe osteons

A
  • The mammalian bone has repeating units called osteons
  • Each osteon has a concentric layer of mineralized materials
  • AT the center of osteon is a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
77
Q

Define osteon

A

The mammalian bone has repeating units called osteons

78
Q

What’s in the center of an osteon?

A

a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

79
Q

functions of bone

A

forms endoskeleton in most vertebrates and provides strength and support to body

80
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A
  • muscle tissue is responsible for movement
  • cells in muscle tissue are composed of actin and myosin proteins
  • this tissue is able to contract and relax
  • 3 types of basic muscle tissue are found in human body: smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue
81
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • Cells are spindle-shaped
  • Uninucleated
  • Intercalated discs absent
  • Cells lack striations. No sarcomeres
  • Sarcolemma present
  • Sarcoplasm present
  • Nervous supply by autonomic nervous system
  • Neurogenic
  • Involuntary
  • Responsible for involuntary body functions such as churning of stomach and constriction of arteries
  • Found in digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries and internal organs
82
Q

What components are cells in muscle tissue composed of?

A

actin & myosin proteins

83
Q

shape of smooth muscle tissue

A

cells are spindle-shaped

84
Q

functions of smooth muscle tissue

A

responsible for involuntary body functions such as churning stomach and constricting arteries

85
Q

smooth muscle tissue location

A

internal organs
digestive tract
arteries
urinary bladder

86
Q

shape of skeletal muscle tissue

A

composed of bundles of long cells

87
Q

striations of skeletal muscle tissue

A

cells are striated

contractile units of muscle cells are sarcomeres

arrangement of sarcomeres along muscle cell gives a striated appearance

88
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

muscles are generally attached to skeletal system and helps mainly in voluntary body movements

89
Q

shape of cardiac muscle tissue

A

composed of short cells interconnected via intercalated discs

90
Q

functions of cardiac muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary heart contractions

intercalated disks help relay signals from cell to cell and synchronize heart contractions

91
Q

location of cardiac muscle tissue

A

wall of heart

92
Q

describe the nucleated nature of muscle tissues

A

smooth and cardiac muscle tissues are uninucleated

skeletal muscle tissues are multinucleated

93
Q

describe the striations of muscle tissues

A

in smooth muscle tissue, cells lack striations. no sarcomeres

in skeletal muscle tissue, cells are striated. contractile units of muscle cells are sarcomeres. arrangement of sarcomeres along muscle cell gives a striated appearance

cells are striated with sarcomeres

94
Q

describe the intercalated discs of muscle tissues

A

no intercalated discs in smooth and skeletal muscle tissues

intercalated discs present in cardiac muscle tissue and help relay signals from cell to cell and synchronize heart contractions

95
Q

describe nervous tissues

A
  • nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells
  • neurons receive, process and transmit nerve impulses
  • glial cells support neurons
96
Q

describe neurons

A
  • A neuron has an axon, dendrites and a cell body
  • the basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron
  • Dendrites and cell body receive nerve impulses from other neurons
  • Axon transmits nerve impulses to other neurons, cells or muscles
  • Axon is bundled together to form nerves
97
Q

describe glial cells

A
  • neuroglia cells are the supportive cells of neurons
  • they
    1. nourish nerve cells
    2. insulate nerve cells
    3. replenish neurons
    4. sometimes moderate neuron functions
98
Q

main parts of neuron

A

axon, dendrites and a cell body

99
Q

the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

100
Q

functions of cell body and dendrites

A

receive nerve impulses from other neurons

101
Q

functions of axon

A

transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons, cells or muscles

102
Q

what are supportive cells of neurons?

A

glial cells

103
Q

functions of neuroglia

A
  1. nourish nerve cells
  2. insulate nerve cells
  3. replenish neurons
  4. sometimes moderate neuron functions

Biology V (13 decks)

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