Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

effect of nicotine

Answer 1

• nicotine is a compound inhaled in tobacco smoke and its the addictive drug in smoke
• it temporarily reduces rate of heart beat and constricts peripheral blood vessels
• this causes a temporary increase in blood pressure

Question 2

effect of cigarette smoke

Answer 2

• cigarette smoke stimulates the secretion of mucus by goblet cells
• so the action of cilia in respiratory tract is inhibited
• this causes the accumulation of mucus in bronchioles and blocking them
• this leads to bronchial inflammation or bronchitis
• as a result, breathing might become difficult

Question 3

effect of hydrogen cyanide

Answer 3

• hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke stops cilia from working properly
• due to loss of cilial action, dust and other particulate matter get collected in lungs
• as a result phagocytic cells in lungs increase.
• they release a large amount of lytic enzymes which destroy the alveolar tissue
• as a result the effective area available for gas exchange is reduced

Question 4

carbon monoxide effect

Answer 4

• CO present in tobacco smoke is absorbed into blood
• Its able to bind to hemoglobin better than oxygen and combines irreversibly
• Thus it decreases the amount of oxyhemoglobin produced
• oxygen transport through blood is decreasesd

Question 5

carcinogen effect

Answer 5

• tobacco smoke also contains a large amount of cancer causing substances (carcinogens)
• nearly 90% of lung cancers are due to smoking
• long term exposure to such chemicals in cigarette smoke results in proliferation of cells in bronchial epithelium
• this forms a mass of abnormal cells
• a cancer may develop among these cells
• if these cells break free the cancer may break free to other parts of lung/ body

Question 6

silicosis cause

Answer 6

long-term exposure to dust containing silica compounds

Question 7

high risk industries of silicosis

Answer 7

• Quarrying granite, sandstone and slate
• Mining hard coal, gold, tin, copper
• Stone masonry and sand blasting
• Glass and pottery work

Question 8

describe how silicosis occurs

Answer 8

when silica particles are inhaled they accumulate in the alveoli

These particles are ingested by macrophages

Some macrophages which remain in alveoli come out into connective tissue around bronchiole and blood vessels close to the pleura

Progressive fibrosis is stimulated which eventually obliterates blood vessels and respiratory bronchioles

Gradual destruction of lung tissue leads to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure eventually

Question 9

what does silicosis lead to

Answer 9

pulmonary hypertension and heart failure

Question 10

who are at the risk of asbestosis

Answer 10

those involved in making/using products containing asbestos