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Biochem > Tissue Specialization In Metabolism > Flashcards

Tissue Specialization In Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Major energy consuming activity of brain

A

Ion transportation to maintain membrane potential

Integration of different inputs

Sending signals

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2
Q

Major Energy activity of kidney

A

Filtration
Active transport

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3
Q

Primary fuels for brain

A

Well fed =
Glucose

Fasting = ketone bodies
No FFAs through blood brain barrier

Brain cannot store fueL!!!

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle fuels

A

Primary :
FAS, glucose, ketone bodies

Burst of exercise = phosphocreatine
High e molecule
Efficient at mobilization
Faster than glycogen

Refuels atp from adp = consistent atp concentration

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5
Q

Phosphocreatine structure reminders

A

4 carbons
3 nitrogens
Carboxyl on one head
Phosphorous on other

Naughty cars = gym bros = creatine = nitrogens and Carboxyl

Phosphorous head
Nh
cNh2
Nch3
Ch2
Carboxyl group

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6
Q

Acetone structure reminders

A

Most basic ketone
CH3-co-ch3

Ace = 1st = 1st ketone ever made

“Ace” = c butt = double bond is butt crack for 3 c ass

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7
Q

Acetoacetate structure reminders

A

Ketone bodies

4c ketone
Ketone group
Carboxyl group at end

Ass to ass Tate
= ass where double bond to o is butt crack
Tate = cars = Carboxyl

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8
Q

D-Beta-hydroxybutyrate structure reminders

A

4c alcohol with Carboxyl group at end
D-beta = low key alcoholic frat boy loser kind
Still rich enough so gets a car and spot in frat

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle/ smooth muscle fuels

A

Glucose, FAS, lactate

No storage abilities
Phosphocreatine = heart protection

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10
Q

Adipose tissue fuels

A

FAS, TAGs, ketone bodies

Energy for two months

Hormonally regulated

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11
Q

Main energy activity of liver

A

?

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12
Q

What enables the concentration of blood to be basically equal to that of hepatocytes?

A

GLUT2

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13
Q

Glucokinase function

A

Also known as hexokinase iv
Phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

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14
Q

Unique features of glucokinase

A

High km
= harder to over saturate l
When glucose is low, rate is low

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15
Q

Fate of amino acids in liver

A

Liver proteins
Aas in blood
Nucleotides, hormones, porphyrins
Nh3 - urea
Pyruvate==>
-glucose via gluconeogenesis
-acetyl coa
—FAs
—cac = glucose
—atp via cac

Muscle proteins degrade
To alanine and pyruvate

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16
Q

Fatty acid fates in liver

A

Liver lipids
Plasma lipo Proteins = ldl/ hdl
FFAs in blood
Oxidative fuel = nadh —> acetyl coa
-acetyl coa =>
—atp
—cholesterol = carried by lipo proteins
—-ketone bodies

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17
Q

Serum albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein
1 molecules carries 7 FFAs

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18
Q

Liver function

A

Body’s distribution center
Correct proportions of nutrients
Nutrient storage = vitamin a, iron
Detox of xenobiotics

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19
Q

Carbohydrate fates in liver

A

Glucose 6 phosphate
-glycogen
-glucose
-ribose 5 phosphate = NADPH through PPP
——NADPH needed for FAS, cholesterol, ribose 5 phosphate, detox
-pyruvate
—acetyl coa
——cholesterol
——atp

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20
Q

How is hexokinase regulated?

A

Fructose 6 phosphate = product of phosphorylated glucose in liver = activates transport into nucleus = nuclear binding protein

Glucose activates transport out of nucleus

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21
Q

Brief Cori cycle overview

A

Glycogen in muscle -> lactate = produces atp for energy

Lactate transported to liver

Lactate -> glycogen = consumes atp
ATP in liver = CAC = oxidative phosphorylation = needs o2 = heavy breathing

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22
Q

White adipose tissue (WAT)

A

Amorphous
Widely distributed
Single big fat lipid droplet filled with TAGs, sterol esters
15% of adult human mass

23
Q

What organ is primary source of FAs?

A

Liver

24
Q

Adipocyte metabolism

A

Lots of carbs = TAGs stored in lipid droplet

Energy needed = FFAs into bloodstream
- 70% released restored as TAGs

Pyruvate to glycerol 6 phosphate via glyceroneogenesis
—> TAGs synthesis = cytosolic pep Carboxylase

25
Q

Only tissues that have glycerol kinase can metabolize free glycerol

What tissues?

A

Liver, kidneys, BAT, lactating mammary gland

26
Q

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

A

Common in small mammals
Thermogenic
Mitochondria heavy, lots of small lipid droplets
More capillaries
Produces UCP1= uncoupling protein 1 = thermogenin

Activated by cold temperatures, dissipation of energy as heat

fasting + cold = brain, spine, collar bones, kidney, bladder light up
Just fasting = brain, heart, kidney, bladder

27
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

Shows glucose uptake by body
When body is injected with FDG = 2-f18-fluoro2-deoxygenated-D-glucose
= cannot be metabolized

= tracks radiation emitted by tracer

28
Q

FDG structure reminders

A

Glucose ring
A bunch of OHs
But
F18 on carbon two to right of oxygen in ring

29
Q

Where does formation of ketone bodies occur?

A

Liver mitochondria matrix

30
Q

Generic pathway for ketogenesis

A

2 acetyl coA

(Thiolase)

Acetoacetyl coA

(HMG-coA synthase)

HMG coA

(HMG-coA synthase)

Acetoacetate

Acetone (Acetoacetate decarboxylase) or d-beta-hydroxybutyrate (d-betadehydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (NADH used))

31
Q

D Beta hydroxybutyrate as fuel generic

A

D Beta hydroxybutyrate

(D Beta hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (NADH produced)

Acetoacetate

(Beta-ketoacyl-coA transferase)

Acetoacetyl-coA

(Thiolase)

2 acetyl coA

32
Q

Ketogenesis enzyme order memory

A

Theo
Took some twins to bed
Ass to ass
Had much gin and
Synthesized
Hot messy gooey liquid == critical!! = only in liver

Hot messy goo is healthy for u = male podcasts = Acetoacetate = Ass to Ass in cars like Andrew Tate

Leads to

Acetoacetate decarboxylase = taking the gas out of wound up assholes

And

D-beta hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase = dehydrated frat boys

33
Q

Ketone bodies as fuel memory

A

D beta frat boy is dehydrated

Acetoacetate = ass to ass believer

Special frat nurse comes in = beta-keto diet = banana Kream diet
= beta keto acyl transferase

Acetoacyl coA = coA added on = banana kream w vitamin A on top

Theo is healed = thiolase = Two thumbs up = 2 acetyl coa

34
Q

Liver catabolism

A

Normal diet = amino acids

High blood glucose = glucose

Fasting = fatty acids
Ketone bodies; aas to gluconeogenesis

35
Q

Why are ketone bodies able to be used as fuel?

A

Produces atp in other tissues

Can be simplified to acetyl coa = CAC = oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

GLUT1

A

Blood, blood brain barrier, heart

37
Q

GLUT2

A

Liver, pancreas, small intestine

38
Q

GLUT3

A

Brain, neurons, sperm

39
Q

GLUT4

A

Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, heart

40
Q

Muscles and fuel

A

Resting = FFAs

Light workout = blood glucose + FFAs

High activity = glycogen breakdown to lactate + glucose stops being processed (1 glucose molecule processed = 3atp) bc hexokinase not in cytosol when glucose low

**Glycogen to lactate produces atp

41
Q

Epinephrine is for high activity
What does it generically do

A

Stimulate release of glucose from liver glycogen
Breakdown of muscle glycogen

Too much lactate = ph down = efficiency of muscles down

==> phosphocreatine for atp

42
Q

Phosphocreatine enzyme

A

Phosphocreatine kinase = transfer of Pi group

43
Q

Ultimate source of ketone bodies

A

Ketone bodies are produced in liver from acetyl coa
Acetyl coa comes from fatty acids

Which are generated a lot of in liver
But also stored / synthesized in adipose tissue

44
Q

Ketone bodies are useful because

A

E source for skeletal/heart muscles and renal cortex

Helps pull out acetyl coa from liver mitochondria even when acetyl coa not being pulled via CAC when glucose levels are down
= cac enables FA oxidation for NADH

45
Q

HMG-coA synthase location dependence

A

Liver mitochondrion = ketone body formation

Cytosol = sterol formation

46
Q

What enzyme key to ketogenesis is only present in liver mitochondrial matrix?

A

HMG-lyase
= HMG-coA to Acetoacetate

47
Q

What enzyme does liver not have that makes it unable to process ketone bodies?

A

Beta-keto-acyl-coA transferase

= Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl coA

Other tissues do not deal with breaking down ketone bodies to get HMG coa
Other tissues: go straight from Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl coA

Liver = acetoacetyl coa to HMG coa

To Acetoacetate

48
Q

HMG coA structure reminders

A

6 c
Carboxyl on one end
S coa and c=o other end

Car alcohol +1c co S
Had much gin = special drink = Irish car bomb = car alcohol = 1cup of monoxide = co and some salt/ sulfur

Ch2 c(oh,ch3) ch2 in middle

Had much gin =
cars, alcohol, carssss

49
Q

When starving

A

Acetyl coa accumulates

Not being pulled for other types of synthesis

Cac cycle slows down bc intermediates are siphoned off

Ketone body formation helps free coA = fatty acid oxidation can continue = fuels ketone bodies

50
Q

What is hexokinase iv NOt inhibited by like other hexokinases?

What is it inhibited by?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate

Liver specific regulator protein = works better when fructose 6 is present = fasting
Glucose Competitively binds to same protein to inhibit its inhibitions
= anchors within nucleus

51
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in liver cells?

A

Cytosol

52
Q

Intestine fuels

A

Glucose, glutamine, ketones

53
Q

Microbiome

A

Lined w bacteria = digestion/ absorption

20-35% of E expenditure

Biochem (23 decks)

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