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Tissue Specialization In Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Major energy consuming activity of brain

A

Ion transportation to maintain membrane potential

Integration of different inputs

Sending signals

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2
Q

Major Energy activity of kidney

A

Filtration
Active transport

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3
Q

Primary fuels for brain

A

Well fed =
Glucose

Fasting = ketone bodies
No FFAs through blood brain barrier

Brain cannot store fueL!!!

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle fuels

A

Primary :
FAS, glucose, ketone bodies

Burst of exercise = phosphocreatine
High e molecule
Efficient at mobilization
Faster than glycogen

Refuels atp from adp = consistent atp concentration

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5
Q

Phosphocreatine structure reminders

A

4 carbons
3 nitrogens
Carboxyl on one head
Phosphorous on other

Naughty cars = gym bros = creatine = nitrogens and Carboxyl

Phosphorous head
Nh
cNh2
Nch3
Ch2
Carboxyl group

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6
Q

Acetone structure reminders

A

Most basic ketone
CH3-co-ch3

Ace = 1st = 1st ketone ever made

“Ace” = c butt = double bond is butt crack for 3 c ass

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7
Q

Acetoacetate structure reminders

A

Ketone bodies

4c ketone
Ketone group
Carboxyl group at end

Ass to ass Tate
= ass where double bond to o is butt crack
Tate = cars = Carboxyl

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8
Q

D-Beta-hydroxybutyrate structure reminders

A

4c alcohol with Carboxyl group at end
D-beta = low key alcoholic frat boy loser kind
Still rich enough so gets a car and spot in frat

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle/ smooth muscle fuels

A

Glucose, FAS, lactate

No storage abilities
Phosphocreatine = heart protection

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10
Q

Adipose tissue fuels

A

FAS, TAGs, ketone bodies

Energy for two months

Hormonally regulated

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11
Q

Main energy activity of liver

A

?

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12
Q

What enables the concentration of blood to be basically equal to that of hepatocytes?

A

GLUT2

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13
Q

Glucokinase function

A

Also known as hexokinase iv
Phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

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14
Q

Unique features of glucokinase

A

High km
= harder to over saturate l
When glucose is low, rate is low

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15
Q

Fate of amino acids in liver

A

Liver proteins
Aas in blood
Nucleotides, hormones, porphyrins
Nh3 - urea
Pyruvate==>
-glucose via gluconeogenesis
-acetyl coa
—FAs
—cac = glucose
—atp via cac

Muscle proteins degrade
To alanine and pyruvate

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16
Q

Fatty acid fates in liver

A

Liver lipids
Plasma lipo Proteins = ldl/ hdl
FFAs in blood
Oxidative fuel = nadh —> acetyl coa
-acetyl coa =>
—atp
—cholesterol = carried by lipo proteins
—-ketone bodies

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17
Q

Serum albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein
1 molecules carries 7 FFAs

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18
Q

Liver function

A

Body’s distribution center
Correct proportions of nutrients
Nutrient storage = vitamin a, iron
Detox of xenobiotics

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19
Q

Carbohydrate fates in liver

A

Glucose 6 phosphate
-glycogen
-glucose
-ribose 5 phosphate = NADPH through PPP
——NADPH needed for FAS, cholesterol, ribose 5 phosphate, detox
-pyruvate
—acetyl coa
——cholesterol
——atp

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20
Q

How is hexokinase regulated?

A

Fructose 6 phosphate = product of phosphorylated glucose in liver = activates transport into nucleus = nuclear binding protein

Glucose activates transport out of nucleus

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21
Q

Brief Cori cycle overview

A

Glycogen in muscle -> lactate = produces atp for energy

Lactate transported to liver

Lactate -> glycogen = consumes atp
ATP in liver = CAC = oxidative phosphorylation = needs o2 = heavy breathing

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22
Q

White adipose tissue (WAT)

A

Amorphous
Widely distributed
Single big fat lipid droplet filled with TAGs, sterol esters
15% of adult human mass

23
Q

What organ is primary source of FAs?

24
Q

Adipocyte metabolism

A

Lots of carbs = TAGs stored in lipid droplet

Energy needed = FFAs into bloodstream
- 70% released restored as TAGs

Pyruvate to glycerol 6 phosphate via glyceroneogenesis
—> TAGs synthesis = cytosolic pep Carboxylase

25
Only tissues that have glycerol kinase can metabolize free glycerol What tissues?
Liver, kidneys, BAT, lactating mammary gland
26
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
Common in small mammals Thermogenic Mitochondria heavy, lots of small lipid droplets More capillaries Produces UCP1= uncoupling protein 1 = thermogenin Activated by cold temperatures, dissipation of energy as heat fasting + cold = brain, spine, collar bones, kidney, bladder light up Just fasting = brain, heart, kidney, bladder
27
PET
Positron emission tomography Shows glucose uptake by body When body is injected with FDG = 2-f18-fluoro2-deoxygenated-D-glucose = cannot be metabolized = tracks radiation emitted by tracer
28
FDG structure reminders
Glucose ring A bunch of OHs But F18 on carbon two to right of oxygen in ring
29
Where does formation of ketone bodies occur?
Liver mitochondria matrix
30
Generic pathway for ketogenesis
2 acetyl coA (Thiolase) Acetoacetyl coA (HMG-coA synthase) HMG coA (HMG-coA synthase) Acetoacetate Acetone (Acetoacetate decarboxylase) or d-beta-hydroxybutyrate (d-betadehydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (NADH used))
31
D Beta hydroxybutyrate as fuel generic
D Beta hydroxybutyrate (D Beta hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (NADH produced) Acetoacetate (Beta-ketoacyl-coA transferase) Acetoacetyl-coA (Thiolase) 2 acetyl coA
32
Ketogenesis enzyme order memory
Theo Took some twins to bed Ass to ass Had much gin and Synthesized Hot messy gooey liquid == critical!! = only in liver Hot messy goo is healthy for u = male podcasts = Acetoacetate = Ass to Ass in cars like Andrew Tate Leads to Acetoacetate decarboxylase = taking the gas out of wound up assholes And D-beta hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase = dehydrated frat boys
33
Ketone bodies as fuel memory
D beta frat boy is dehydrated Acetoacetate = ass to ass believer Special frat nurse comes in = beta-keto diet = banana Kream diet = beta keto acyl transferase Acetoacyl coA = coA added on = banana kream w vitamin A on top Theo is healed = thiolase = Two thumbs up = 2 acetyl coa
34
Liver catabolism
Normal diet = amino acids High blood glucose = glucose Fasting = fatty acids Ketone bodies; aas to gluconeogenesis
35
Why are ketone bodies able to be used as fuel?
Produces atp in other tissues Can be simplified to acetyl coa = CAC = oxidative phosphorylation
36
GLUT1
Blood, blood brain barrier, heart
37
GLUT2
Liver, pancreas, small intestine
38
GLUT3
Brain, neurons, sperm
39
GLUT4
Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, heart
40
Muscles and fuel
Resting = FFAs Light workout = blood glucose + FFAs High activity = glycogen breakdown to lactate + glucose stops being processed (1 glucose molecule processed = 3atp) bc hexokinase not in cytosol when glucose low ****Glycogen to lactate produces atp
41
Epinephrine is for high activity What does it generically do
Stimulate release of glucose from liver glycogen Breakdown of muscle glycogen Too much lactate = ph down = efficiency of muscles down ==> phosphocreatine for atp
42
Phosphocreatine enzyme
Phosphocreatine kinase = transfer of Pi group
43
Ultimate source of ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are produced in liver from acetyl coa Acetyl coa comes from fatty acids Which are generated a lot of in liver But also stored / synthesized in adipose tissue
44
Ketone bodies are useful because
E source for skeletal/heart muscles and renal cortex Helps pull out acetyl coa from liver mitochondria even when acetyl coa not being pulled via CAC when glucose levels are down = cac enables FA oxidation for NADH
45
HMG-coA synthase location dependence
Liver mitochondrion = ketone body formation Cytosol = sterol formation
46
What enzyme key to ketogenesis is only present in liver mitochondrial matrix?
HMG-lyase = HMG-coA to Acetoacetate
47
What enzyme does liver not have that makes it unable to process ketone bodies?
Beta-keto-acyl-coA transferase = Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl coA Other tissues do not deal with breaking down ketone bodies to get HMG coa Other tissues: go straight from Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl coA Liver = acetoacetyl coa to HMG coa To Acetoacetate
48
HMG coA structure reminders
6 c Carboxyl on one end S coa and c=o other end Car alcohol +1c co S Had much gin = special drink = Irish car bomb = car alcohol = 1cup of monoxide = co and some salt/ sulfur Ch2 c(oh,ch3) ch2 in middle Had much gin = cars, alcohol, carssss
49
When starving
Acetyl coa accumulates Not being pulled for other types of synthesis Cac cycle slows down bc intermediates are siphoned off Ketone body formation helps free coA = fatty acid oxidation can continue = fuels ketone bodies
50
What is hexokinase iv NOt inhibited by like other hexokinases? What is it inhibited by?
Glucose 6 phosphate Liver specific regulator protein = works better when fructose 6 is present = fasting Glucose Competitively binds to same protein to inhibit its inhibitions = anchors within nucleus
51
Where does glycolysis take place in liver cells?
Cytosol
52
Intestine fuels
Glucose, glutamine, ketones
53
Microbiome
Lined w bacteria = digestion/ absorption 20-35% of E expenditure

Biochem (23 decks)

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