Insulin

Question 1

What is glycolysis

Answer 1

Glucose to pyruvate

Produces atp

Question 2

When insulin increases, what processes increase?

Answer 2

Glucose uptake
Phosphorylation
CAC
Oxidation
Glycolysis

Question 3

In liver, what enzymes are affected by increased insulin?

Answer 3

Glycogen synthase activated

Glycogen phosphorylase deactivated

Question 4

What enzymes of note are activated by insulin?

Answer 4

GLUT4 = muscle, adipose (NOT liver)

Glucokinase = liver

Glycogen synthase = liver, muscle

PFK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex = muscle, liver (glycolysis, acetyl coa up)

Acetyl coA Carboxylase = liver (FA synthesis)

Lipoprotein lipase = adipose (TAG synthesis)

Question 5

Big points of whole body effects of big meal

Answer 5

Big meal = AAs, FAs, glucose enters liver

Insulin up

Glucose uptake up
= brain, adipose, muscle energy —> atp and co2

Glucose oxidized to acetyl coa -> TAGs -> adipose tissue

Glucose oxidized = ppp = NADPH for Fa synthesis, lipid synthesis

Question 6

Specialized pancreatic cells

Answer 6

Islets of langerhans

Alpha = glucagon

Beta = insulin

Delta = somatostatin

Question 7

How is insulin release regulated in beta cells?

Answer 7

Levels of Glucokinase

Question 8

Sulfonylurea drugs

Answer 8

?

Question 9

Insulin structure

Answer 9

2 polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bonds

Question 10

3 steps for insulin synthesis

Answer 10

First = single chain precursor = preproinsulin

Second = proteolytic removal of signal sequence and disulfide bond formation = proinsulin

Third = 2 peptide bonds cleaved = c peptide releases = an and b held together by disulfide bonds = insulin

Question 11

Sulfonylurea drugs and structure reminders

Answer 11

Glipizide, glyburide

S double o = solfon

Urea = nhc=onh
Man holding pails of pee
N are pee buckets, o is head of man

Question 12

Drugs that trigger calcium release

Answer 12

Glp1r agonists

= exanatide, sitagliptin, dulaglutide

Glp1 signals satiety
Inhibits glucagon release