Hormone Signalling

Question 1

Blood cell types

Answer 1

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Question 2

Blood plasma

Answer 2

90% h2o

Plasma solids:
70% plasma proteins
=immunoglubulins, ldls, vldls, serum albumin, transferrin, fibrinogen

20% organic metabolites/ waste

10% inorganic compounds

Question 3

Plasma levels of na+, k+, ca2+

Answer 3

140, 5, 2.5 mM

Question 4

Erythrocyte fuels

Answer 4

Reliant on glycolysis = no nucleus or mitochondrion

Can get atp by using glycolysis to make Lactate and transferring to liver

Question 5

Hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia

Answer 5

Hypo: <40mg/100mL glucose
Hyper: >100mg/100mL glucose

Question 6

Tissues that amplify hormones

Answer 6

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
= brain

Thyroid, parathyroid

Adipose tissue
Adrenals
Pancreas

Ovaries, testes

Question 7

Hormones that regulate metabolism

Answer 7

Insulin = glucose too high signal
Store as TAGs or glycerol

Glucagon = glucose too low signal
Breakdown glycogen
Oxidize fats to reduce need for glucose
—acetyl coa for ketone body formation for body atp production

Epinephrine = preps body for bursts of activity

Cortisol = response to long term stress

Question 8

Surface cell receptor

Answer 8

Peptide/ Amine hormones

Binds to outside of cell
= metatropic/ ionotropic

Question 9

Nuclear receptor

Answer 9

Steroid/ thyroid hormone receptors

Enters cell and acts on transcription in nucleus

Cholesterol derived

= adrenal glands / sex organs

Vitamin d = steroid hormone interacting with UV light

Question 10

Amine hormones

Answer 10

Catecholamine

Derived from tyrosine + catechol

Produced in adrenal glands

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 11

Dopamine structure

Answer 11

Double oh on aromatic ring

2C with amine at end

Dope = rings with alcohol
Amine at end

Question 12

Norepinephrine structure

Answer 12

Double oh dope ring
2 c chain
1st = alcohol
2nd= nh-ch3

Drunk farmer = oh
Norepeniphrine = no amine phr sale = protected N

Question 13

Epinephrine structure

Answer 13

Dope double oh aromatic ring
2 carbon chain
1st= oh
2= nh2

Drunk farmer = oh
Eee amine for sale = nh2 unprotected

Question 14

RIA

Answer 14

Radioimmunoassay

Radioactive antigens bound to anti bodies

Mix in true sample

True sample displaces

Measure supernatant for radioactivity

Question 15

ELISA

Answer 15

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Capturing antibody coated plate
Antigen added

Detecting antibody binds
Secondary antibody binds
= enzyme that will send signal if substrate is near and if activated by properly bound enzyme chain

Question 16

Types of hormones

Answer 16

Endocrine = released into blood to find target

Paraffine = extra cellular space and diffuse

Autocrine = affect same cell that releases them

Question 17

Why is it important for hormones to have short half lives?

Answer 17

Rapid means for changing hormone concentrations

Consistent flow determines concentration at any given moment

Question 18

How to rapidly increase peptide hormone levels?

Answer 18

Increase rate of release from secretory granules

Increase rate of pro hormone conversion

Question 19

What happens when potassium paired with ionophore valinomycin?

Answer 19

Easy transport across membrane - no ion channel needed

Hyperpolarizes membrane

No ca2+ transport

No insulin secretion

Question 20

How long does it take for ketone bodies to over come glucose levels?

Answer 20

2 days of fasting

Question 21

Feedback Regulation of hormone release

Answer 21

Products of pathway inhibit the pathways themselves

Example : cortisol on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary