Hormone Signalling Flashcards
Blood cell types
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Blood plasma
90% h2o
Plasma solids:
70% plasma proteins
=immunoglubulins, ldls, vldls, serum albumin, transferrin, fibrinogen
20% organic metabolites/ waste
10% inorganic compounds
Plasma levels of na+, k+, ca2+
140, 5, 2.5 mM
Erythrocyte fuels
Reliant on glycolysis = no nucleus or mitochondrion
Can get atp by using glycolysis to make Lactate and transferring to liver
Hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia
Hypo: <40mg/100mL glucose
Hyper: >100mg/100mL glucose
Tissues that amplify hormones
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
= brain
Thyroid, parathyroid
Adipose tissue
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries, testes
Hormones that regulate metabolism
Insulin = glucose too high signal
Store as TAGs or glycerol
Glucagon = glucose too low signal
Breakdown glycogen
Oxidize fats to reduce need for glucose
—acetyl coa for ketone body formation for body atp production
Epinephrine = preps body for bursts of activity
Cortisol = response to long term stress
Surface cell receptor
Peptide/ Amine hormones
Binds to outside of cell
= metatropic/ ionotropic
Nuclear receptor
Steroid/ thyroid hormone receptors
Enters cell and acts on transcription in nucleus
Cholesterol derived
= adrenal glands / sex organs
Vitamin d = steroid hormone interacting with UV light
Amine hormones
Catecholamine
Derived from tyrosine + catechol
Produced in adrenal glands
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Dopamine structure
Double oh on aromatic ring
2C with amine at end
Dope = rings with alcohol
Amine at end
Norepinephrine structure
Double oh dope ring
2 c chain
1st = alcohol
2nd= nh-ch3
Drunk farmer = oh
Norepeniphrine = no amine phr sale = protected N
Epinephrine structure
Dope double oh aromatic ring
2 carbon chain
1st= oh
2= nh2
Drunk farmer = oh
Eee amine for sale = nh2 unprotected
RIA
Radioimmunoassay
Radioactive antigens bound to anti bodies
Mix in true sample
True sample displaces
Measure supernatant for radioactivity
ELISA
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
Capturing antibody coated plate
Antigen added
Detecting antibody binds
Secondary antibody binds
= enzyme that will send signal if substrate is near and if activated by properly bound enzyme chain
Types of hormones
Endocrine = released into blood to find target
Paraffine = extra cellular space and diffuse
Autocrine = affect same cell that releases them
Why is it important for hormones to have short half lives?
Rapid means for changing hormone concentrations
Consistent flow determines concentration at any given moment
How to rapidly increase peptide hormone levels?
Increase rate of release from secretory granules
Increase rate of pro hormone conversion
What happens when potassium paired with ionophore valinomycin?
Easy transport across membrane - no ion channel needed
Hyperpolarizes membrane
No ca2+ transport
No insulin secretion
How long does it take for ketone bodies to over come glucose levels?
2 days of fasting
Feedback Regulation of hormone release
Products of pathway inhibit the pathways themselves
Example : cortisol on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
