Tissue Repair

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Response of vascular tissues to infection and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense to the site they are needed.

Question 2

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

Calor, Tubor, Rubor, Dolor, functio laesa.

Question 3

Exudate

Answer 3

Extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and contains cellular debris.

Question 4

Purulent inflammation

Answer 4

Characterized by the production of pus, exudate containing neutrophils, liquified debris and edema fluid. Also called Suppurative. Often caused by pyogenic bacteria.

Question 5

Abscesses

Answer 5

Localized collections of pus, buried in tissue, organ, or confined space. Seeded by pyogenic bacteria.

Question 6

Ulcer

Answer 6

Local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue.

Question 7

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 7

Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of actrivated macrophages, often with T cells, and sometimes central necrosis. Macrophages may fuse forming multinucleate giant cells.

Question 8

Langhans Cells

Answer 8

Giant cells that are 40-50 micrometers in diameter.

Question 9

Causes of Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 9

TB
Leprosy
Syphilis
Cat-Scratch Fever
Sarcoidosis
Crohn’s disease/ IBD

Question 10

Labile Tissues

Answer 10

cells are constantly being replaced by new cells derived from tissue stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells and surface epithelia are an example.

Question 11

Stable Tissues

Answer 11

Made up of cells that are normally in G0 stage, but are capable of dividing in response to injury or loss of tissue mass. Ex: parenchyma of most solid organs, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells.

Question 12

Permanent tissues

Answer 12

Terminally differentiated non proliferative cells. Ex: cardiac muscle cells, and neurons.

Question 13

Steps of Scar Formation

Answer 13

Inflammation
Angiogenesis
Formation of granulation tissue
Remodeling of connective tissue

Question 14

Classically Activated M1 macrophage

Answer 14

Activated by monocyte producing IFNgamma and TLR ligands. Can produce IL1, TNF, IL12, IL6, and chemokines. Can cause inflammation, and is phagocytically active.

Question 15

Alternatively activated M2 Macrophage

Answer 15

Activated by monocyte secreting IL13 and IL4. Can secerete IL10 and TGFbeta. Has an anti-inflammatory effect, wound repair, and fibrosis.

Question 16

Angiogenesis

Answer 16

formation of new blood vessels needed to support the repair process.

Question 17

Formation fo granulation tissue

Answer 17

Caused by migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of loose connective tissue. TGFbeta is an important sytokine involved in deposition.

Question 18

Remodeling of Connective tissue

Answer 18

CT laid down by fibroblasts is reorganized into a fibrous scar. Begins 2-3 weeks after injury.

Question 19

Healing by first intention/Primary union

Answer 19

Epithelial regeneration with minimal scarring.

Question 20

Healing by second intention/secondary union

Answer 20

Larger wounds that heal by a combination of regeneration and scarring.

Question 21

Impairment of tissue repair factors:

Answer 21

Infection
Diabetes
Nutritional status
Steroid use
Mechanical factors
Poor perfusion
Foreign bodies
Location, type and extent of injury.

Question 22

Dehiscions

Answer 22

Pulling apart of a wound

Question 23

Hypertrophic scar

Answer 23

Accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen results in a raised scar.

Question 24

Keloid scar

Answer 24

Scar tissue that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound without regression.

Question 25

Fibrosis

Answer 25

Excessive deposition of collagen and ECM in a tissue. Usually refers to this in an internal organs as a result of chronic disease.
induced by persistent injurious stimuli.

Question 26

Fibrotic Disorders

Answer 26

Liver cirrhosis
Systemic sclerosis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumoconioses
End stage kidney disease
constrictive pericarditis