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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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2
Q

Disaccharides

A

Simple sugars

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

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3
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Complex sugars
Stachyose
Raffinose

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4
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Complex sugars

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

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5
Q

Added Sugars

A

Sugars that are added to foods or beverages when they are processed or prepared.

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6
Q

Dietary fiber needs

A

Female- 25 g

Male- 38 g

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7
Q

Soluble fiber vs Insoluble fiber

A

Soluble forms a gel matrix in the GI tract, slowing transit. Insoluble decreases transit time, and can bind with other compounds, such as bile salts.

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8
Q

Inadequate CHO intake can lead to…

A

Ketosis

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9
Q

When sufficient glucose is not available what is formed in the liver during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Ketone bodies

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10
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Caused by insulin deficiency in Type 1 diabetics. Can be life threatening if not treated promptly.

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11
Q

Substrates of Gluconeogenesis

A

Lactic acid, Glycerol, Amino acids

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12
Q

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose of its derivatives

A

Glycogenolysis

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13
Q

Liver glycogenolysis

A

Direct source of blood glucose

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14
Q

Muscle glycogenolysis

A

Indirect source of blood glucose

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15
Q

Source of complete proteins

A

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, quinoa

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16
Q

Source of incomplete proteins

A

Grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, vegetables.

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17
Q

PDCAAS

A

Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Takes into account the aa composition and the digestibility

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18
Q

Energy in protein, per gram

A

4 kcal

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19
Q

Energy in carbohydrate, per gram

A

4 kcal in food

3.4 kcal in aqueous

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20
Q

Protein needs based on body weight

A

0.8 g per 1 kg

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21
Q

Energy per gram of Fats

A

9 kcal

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22
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Omega 3 and Omega 6

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23
Q

Bad cholesterol

A

LDL, IDL, VLDL, Chylomicron and chylomicron remnants

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24
Q

Good

A

HDL

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25
AMDR for fat
20-35% of total kcals
26
Water soluble vitamins
C, All B vitamins
27
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
28
Fat soluble vitamins are packaged by _____ and transported to body cells by ______
Chylomicrons | VLDL and LDL
29
Can be synthesized from a cholesterol derivative
Vitamin D
30
Can be synthesized by bacteria in the GI tract
Vitamin K
31
Can be synthesized from tryptophan
Niacin
32
Good source of B vitamins
Grains
33
Good source of Vitamins C, E, and Carotenoids
Vegetables
34
Good source of Vitamin D, Ca, Phosphate, and Riboflavin
Dairy
35
Good source of Vitamin C
Fruits
36
Good source of iron
Red Meat
37
More likely to be toxic
Fat-soluble vitamins.
38
Toxic water soluble vitamins
High doses of B6 and niacin
39
Groups at risk of micronutrient deficiency or toxicity
Pregnant, Elderly, children/infants,Alcoholics, Dialysis patient, patients with malabsorption syndromes
40
Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency
41
Ricketts, osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency
42
Beri Beri
Thiamin Deficiency
43
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency
44
Niacin form associated with toxicity
Nicotinic acid. toxic at 2-4 g/day
45
Vitamin used as cholesterol medication at low doses. Lowers LDL
Nicotinic acid
46
Amount of TRP needed to make 1 mg Niacin
60 mg TRP
47
B6 deficiency can occur when a patient is on _____ used to treat ____
Isoniazid | TB
48
Symptoms of Niacin Flush
Skin flushing, itching, nausea, liver damage
49
Symptoms of B6 deficiency
Glossitis, stomatitis, seizures, peripheral neuritis, sideroblastic anemia
50
Effect of excessing B6 intake
Nerve damage | Can start at 2-6 g B6 daily for 2+ months, or long term use of 200 mg/day
51
Symptoms of B6 toxicity
Walking difficulty, hand and foot numbness. Ganglion damage is irreversible
52
Which vitamins have roles in the transfer of methyl groups
B12 and Folic Acid
53
Macrocytic Anemia (pernicious anemia)
Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency
54
Recommended amount of Folic acid for women who may become pregnant, prevents neural tube defects.
400-800 mcg daily.
55
Most preventable cause of blindness worldwide
Vitamin A deficiency
56
Toxic effects of Vitamin A
Chronic: skin redness, dermatitis, hair loss, hemorrhage,. Bone malformation, fractures, liver toxicity Acute: GI upset, headache, blurred vision, muscular incoordination Teratogenic: Fetal malformations
57
Non-toxic form of Vitamin A
Carotenoids. | Can cause hypercarotenemia
58
Vitamin synthesized from cholesterol derivative
Vitamin D
59
Most at risk for Vitamin D deficiency
Elderly, people living in northern climes, liver disease, kidney disease, stomach, gallbladder, or intestinal disease.
60
Recommendation for Vitamin E prior to surgery
Discontinue 1 month prior if at risk of hemorrhage.
61
Vitamin K role
Anticoagulation. Produced by bacteria in the gut, so given to infants with a sterile GI tract, and to those on long term antibiotics. People on anticoagulants should have regular vitamin K intake
62
Bioavailability
The percent of consumed material that enters the boy via intestinal cells and is used for its intended purpose
63
Minerals 100% absorbed
Na, K, Cl, Se, Mg
64
Absorption of minerals is dependent on:
Solubility, presence of compound that aid absorption, such as phytates and oxalates, amount of element available to be absorbed
65
Best source of minerals
Animal products
66
Antioxidant
Natural or synthetic compound that is readily oxidized and prevents oxidation of another compound
67
Phytochemicals
Non-nutrient compounds found in plant foods that are biologically active
68
USP
Independent lab that tests dietary supplements. Submission is voluntary
69
Dietary recommended intake
DRI. Based on life stage group.
70
Estimated Average Requirement
EAR. Amount to meet 50% of the populations needs. RDA = EAR + 2 SD.
71
Adequate intake (AI)
Amount thought to be adequate for most people.
72
Upper Limit (UL)
Amount of intake associated with adverse effects
73
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Published every 5 years by the USDA. Focus on disease prevention and health promotion. Recommendations based on health eating patterns.
74
MyPlate
Food Based approach developed by the USDA. Meal based, 1/2 of plate is fruits and veggies, 1/4 is grains, and 1/4 is protein. Dairy is optional. 74% of Americans have not heard of MyPlate.
75
DASH
Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension. Pyramid shaped. Plan of fruit/vegetable plus low-fat dairy is low in sodium, high in Calcium and Potassium. Reduces blood pressure.
76
ADA Exchange system
Organizes foods into groups based on similar macronutrient and energy content. Allows diabetics to easily calculate their carb intake
77
Food ingredients are listed in what order?
Highest to lowest amount
78
Serving size
The standard amount recommended in the nutrition facts
79
Portion size
The amount actually consumed
80
Estimated portion of 1/2 cup
Front of clenched fist
81
Estimated portion of meat (3 oz)
Palm
82
Estimated teaspoon
Fingertip
83
Estimated tablespoon
Thumb tip
84
Estimated 1 cup
Clenched fist
85
Medical nutrition therapy
Goal is top supply needed nutrients to the body in a form it can handle.
86
MNT can be used for
Attain optimal metabolic outcomes Prevent and treat chronic conditions Promote healthy food choices and physical activity Take into account personal preferences
87
Enteral nutrition support
Delivered via NG or GI tube. Patient must still have a functioning digestive tract.
88
Parenteral nutrition support
Delivered via IV, either peripheral or central vein. Patients either cannot or should not be taking food via the GI tract.
89
Harris-Benedict equation
Can be used to determine resting energy requirement. This can be factored by the level of stress the person is undergoing.
90
____ can increase metabolism and protein catabolism
Stress of illness or trauma.
91
Protein balance
= protein intake - protein catabolic rate. Calculated based on urinary urea nitrogen

Clinical Foundations (17 decks)

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