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histology > tissue part 2 > Flashcards

tissue part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to the structural modifications along the lateral, apical and basal surfaces of the epithelium

A

surface specializations

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2
Q

Lateral surface specializations includes

A

glycocalyx, junctional complexes, lateral interdigitations and gap junctions.

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3
Q

Basal surface specializations includes

A

basal lamina/basement membrane, caveolae and hemidesmosomes

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4
Q

Apical surface specializations includes

A

microvilli and cilia.

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5
Q

the most common junctional complexes.

A

macula adherens

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6
Q

These are little bodies that are distributed in a spotty way around individual cells.

A

Macula adherens or Desmosomes

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7
Q

macula means

A

spot

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8
Q

Under the TEM, macula adherens is composed of

A

several dark and light parallel lines representing the layers a cell membrane of adjacent cells.

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9
Q

It anchors cells to each other; gives the epithelium coherence and strength

A

macula adherens

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10
Q

cytoplasmic folds on the lateral surfaces of adjacent cells that interdigitate with each other.

A

lateral interdigitations

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11
Q

not for adhesion but for communication between adjacent cells. They are 20 angstrom in size and the site for lowered resistance to passage of ions.

A

gap junctions

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12
Q

the non-living amorphous substance produced by epithelial cells.

A

basement membrane

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13
Q

the basement membrane is made up of

A

proteoglycans particularly sulfate, laminin, fibronectin, and type 4 collagen

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14
Q

why is the basement membrane not identifiable under light mirsocope in HE sections

A

because it is thin

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15
Q

Under the TEM, basement membrane is consists of an

A

electron dense basal lamina made up of fine filament

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16
Q

a bulb-like invaginations of the basal cell membrane that may contain mitochondrion and associated with active transport of finished products at slower rate.

A

basal folds or caveola

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17
Q

is a half desmosome facing the basement membrane.

A

hemidesmosome

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18
Q

long, finger-like cytoplasmic projections from the apical or luminal border of epithelial cells, giving the epithelium a striated or brush border.

A

microvilli

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19
Q

They are much smaller (10 μm long and 1 μm thick) than cilia (10-100 μm long and at least 10 μm thick) and lack microtubules.

A

microvilli

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20
Q

hair-like processes projecting from the apical border of the epithelial cell.

A

cilia

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21
Q

2 types of cilia

A

kinocilia and stereocilia

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22
Q

a motile cilia that helps in the movement of materials along a sheet of epithelium.

A

kinocilia

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23
Q

They increase the surface are of the epithelium for absorption.

A

kinocilia

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24
Q

structurally similar to microvilli except that the stereocilia are long and branched. It is restricted to the lining of the epididymis and vas deferens and the receptor hair cells of the auditory and vestibular system in the inner ear.

A

stereocilia

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25
Q

they are nonmotile structure which increase epithelial surface area and facilitate movement into and out of cells

A

stereocilia

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26
Q

a type of epithelium that covers the outer surfaces of the body and organs; lines the lumen of tubular organs.

A

surface epithelium

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27
Q

an epithelial sheet containing one layer

A

simple

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28
Q

are thin, flat cells with centrally located round to oval, basally located nucleus. cells have fried egg shape and irregular outlines

A

squamous cell

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29
Q

cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide and with round to oval, centrally located nucleus.

A

cuboidal cells

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30
Q

distinctly taller that they are wide with oval nucleus located basally.

A

columnar cells

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31
Q

composed of one layer of extremely thin, flat cells with an almost visible cytoplasm and a clearly visible round to oval nucleus bulging prominently.

A

simple squamous epithelium

32
Q

Highly suited to line structures with filtering/transporting function, like the parietal layers of the glomerular capsule, blood vessels (endothelium) and body cavities (mesothelium), where a “slick‘ surface facilitates flow of fluids.

A

simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

Because of its delicate structure, the epithelium cannot withstand “wear and tear”.

A

simple squamous epithelium

34
Q

composed of one layer of cuboidal (square) cells. This form of epithelium function as secretory absorptive cells and is found in several types of renal tubule, endocrine glands (thyroid follicles) and exocrine glands.

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

35
Q

cells also comprise the nonsecretory/nonabsorptive linings of tubules like

A

ducts of glands, the retinal pigment epithelium,the surface of the ovary as germinal epithelium, on the surface of the lens and in small bile ducts

36
Q

undergoes constant functionally dependent development and regression.

A

simple vuboidal epithelium on luminal surface

37
Q

consists of cells that are distinctly taller than they are wide. The nuclei are predominantly oval (their long axis being aligned with the apical–basal cell axis) and may occupy a basal, central or apical position

A

simple columnar cells

38
Q

typically associated with absorption or secretion.

A

simple columnar cells

39
Q

one layer of typical columnar cells lining the medium-sized ducts of exocrine glands

A

simple columanar with typical columnar cells

40
Q

[One layer of fan-shaped mucus-secreting columnar cells with wide vacuolated apex and narrow base containing oval nucleus

A

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

41
Q

has vacuolated apical cytoplasm in H&E section due to dissolution of mucin secretion by alcohol during tissue dehydration

A

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

42
Q

Fan-shape because the apical regions of adjacent cells expand uniformly with the accumulation of mucin granules exerting equal pressure against each other. Lines the glandular portion of the stomach],

A

SCE with mucus secreting columnar cells

43
Q

[One layer of secretory (goblet) and absorptive (typical columnar) cells; goblet cells like a wine goblet with an expanded theca (apical region) that contains mucin granules and a narrow stem (basal region) that contains a dense granules, interspersed between typical columnar cells;

A

SCE with secretory and absorptive cells

44
Q

Lines the small and large intestines

A

SCE with secretory and absorptive cells

45
Q

[One layer of secretory and ciliated columnar cells; Secretory columnar cell presents apical bleb (bead-like cytoplasmic projection) in the apical border;

A

ciliated columnar cells

46
Q

presents Kinocilia (hair-like projections) in the apical border and lines the fallopian tube].

A

ciliated columnar cells

47
Q

a special form of single-layered surface epithelium in which all cells are in contact with the basal lamina, yet not all reach the free surface.

A

pseudostratified epithelium

48
Q

The cell nuclei lie at different levels, such that the cells appear to be arranged in two or more ‘rows’. This creates the false impression that the epithelium is multi-layered (stratified).

A

psuedostratified

49
Q

widespread in the respiratory tract (respiratory epithelium) where the apical cell surface features numerous cilia.

A

pseudostratified

50
Q

the epididymal tract is lined by

A

pseudostratifies bearing stereocilia

51
Q

The primary role of stratified epithelium is

A

protection

52
Q

Types of stratified epithelia are based according to

A

shaped of cells in the superficial layer, irrespective of the shape of underlying cells.

53
Q

composed of two or more layers of cells consisting of basal layer, middle layer and superficial layer. Basal layer is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells that rest on a wavy or undulating basement membrane, irrespective of the shape of underlying cells. Middle layer/s with one to several layers of polyhedral or polygonal cells. The superficial layer/s is composed of one to several layers of squamous cells that lie parallel to the luminal or external surface.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

54
Q

2 types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinzed or cornified and nonkeratinized or non-cornified.

55
Q

dead anucleated squamous cells filled with keratin granules).

A

keratinw

56
Q

an epithelial adaptation to wear and tear on abraded surfaces.

A

keratinization

57
Q

normally occurs only in stratified squamous epithelium not in other stratified types

A

keratinization

58
Q

This type of StraSquaE can be found in the foot pads, hoof, bovine muzzle, buccal cavity, anal region and ruminant forestomach.

A

keratinized

59
Q

is composed of two or more layers of cells. In two cell layers, the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells and superficial layer is composed of columnar cells. For three or more layers, the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells, the middle layer with polygonal cells and superficial layer of cuboidal cells.

A

stracolumnar

60
Q

This type of epithelium lines large excretory ducts of the exocrine glands (e.g. parotid salivary gland)

A

stracolumnar

61
Q

refers to the changing shape of superficial cells of the epithelium, depending on the state of contraction or distension of the organ lined.

A

transitional

62
Q

is a specialized form of stratified epithelium. Its

A

transitional

63
Q

composed of two or more layers of cells. In two cell layers, the basal layer and superficial layer is composed of cuboidal cells. For three or more layers , the basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells, the middle layer with polygonal cells and superficial layer of cuboidal cells.

A

stracuboidal

64
Q

This type of epithelium lines large excretory ducts of the exocrine glands (e.g. parotid salivary gland).

A

stracuboidal

65
Q

Its deepest (basal) layer consists of cuboidal to columnar cells that are connected to the basal lamina. These cells are overlaid by irregular ‘mushroom-shaped’ cells that become rounder towards the surface, forming caps over the deeper cell layers

A

transitional

66
Q

found in the excretory passages of the urinary system (renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra) where great mechanical changes may occur due to contraction and distension

A

transitional

67
Q

As these structures are subjected to constant changes in pressure and distension, the epithelium can undergo rapid changes in height. These cells are water impermeable due to large numbers of zonula occludens between cells.

A

transitional

68
Q

protects the urinary tract from damage caused by the presence of hypertonic urine (in mammals and birds), and also prevents dilution of the urine by osmosis

A

water impermeability of transitional

69
Q

in transitional, In contracted/collapsed or relaxed state, the cells in the basal layer have

A

basal layer- columnar
the middle layer of 2-4 cells- polyhedral or polygonal in shape
superficial layer with 2-3 layers- balloon-shaped/mushroom-shaped cells with convex free surfaces.

70
Q

transitional In distended or stretched condition,

A

basal cells appear cuboidal in shape.
Middle layer has polyhedral cells
superficial layer is composed of 1-2 layers of squamous cells.

71
Q

the site for lowered resistance to passage of ions

A

gap junctions

72
Q

9 doublets of microtubules arranged in circularly around a central pair of microtubules

A

axoneme

73
Q

the simple cuboidal epi is found jn

A

renal tube, endocrine glands, exocrine glands

74
Q

it lines the glandular portion of the stomach

A

simple cuboidal with mucous secreting

75
Q

why is the simple columnar mucous secreting fan shaped

A

bec of adjacent cells expanding uniformly with accumulation of mucin granules

histology (11 decks)

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