the cell Flashcards
it is the regulated, integrated, dynamic, balanced, and maintained, accumulations, of biochemical substances, salts and water
cell
the colorless liquid or colloidal contents of living cell, composed of proteins, fats, and other organic substances in water, inorganic salts and including the nucleus and cytoplasm
protoplasm
it constitutes approximately 75% of the protoplasmic mass
water
it constitutes less than 10% of the total water and involved intimately in the structural integrity of the chemical components
bound water
it is involved actively in the chemical events, characteristics, of protoplasm and also acts as solvents in which all of the miscible substances are dissolved
free water
the phase in which other substances are suspended, imparting colloidal properties to protoplasm
free water
a suspension of small particle dispersed in another substance
colloid
It contains particles of a size sufficient to prevent their passing through semipermeable membrane. Can occur as sols or gels (proteins) which are gelatinous or mucinous in characteristics.
colloid
differentiate sols from gels
Sols are colloidal suspensions with fluid-like properties while Gels are semisolid mixture of small particles of a solid in a liquid colloid
Substances that pass through semipermeable membranes when dissolved in water
crystalloids
the primary extraprotoplasmic ions
sodium and chloride
important crystalloid
glucose and many ions
the primary protoplasmuc cation
potassium
the common biochemical of protoplasm.
Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
primary protoplamic anions
bicarbonates and sulphates
considered the repository of information essential for life. They contain the genetic code and serve as blueprints for the synthesis of the most important products of cells – proteins.
nucleic acid
macromolecules of repeating nucleotides
nuclic acid
nucleotides are composed of
pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base
primary nucleic acid of the nucleus, but small quantities also occur in mitochondria.
dna
nucleotides occur in the form of
atp and cAMP
a high energy storage compound that releases energy when a phosphate bond is broken;
atp
considered a second cell messenger, stimulates enzymatic reactions and may be a factor in gene regulation.
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate
serve as the primary structural and functional components of the cell. It is essential for the architectural and metabolic integrity of the living systems
proteins
biological compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is an important source of food and energy. It can be classified as monosaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides.
carbohydrates
biological compound that is not soluble in water, e.g. a fat. It includes waxes, oils, sterols, triglycerides, phosphatides and phospholipids
lipids
Biological properties of cells includes
metabolism, irritability, contractility, conductivity, excretion, endocytosis and exocytosis, growth, maintenance and reproduction.
the sum of all reactions that occur within cells.
metabolism
is a metabolic process in which energy is used to make compounds and tissues from simple molecules. It is a chemical reactions resulting in the synthesis of new molecular substances that is essential for growth, maintenance and repair.
anabolism
the production of energy through the conversion of complex molecules into simpler ones.
catabolism
example of catabolism
Internal respiration, or the chemical utilization of foodstuffs for heat and energy production,
the ability of cells to respond to stimuli in it environment. Best exhibited by nerve cells (neurons), which are highly specialized to receive stimuli
irritability
the ability to transmit waves of excitation along their cellular membrane/transfer of information. Specially exhibited by the nerve cells and muscle cells
conductivity
form reactivity. Most cells change shape by shortening along their long axes. This allows them to accomplish work.
contractility
the ability to take up small molecules from the blood and transform them into more complex and useful substances that are then released into its environment
secretion
The process of producing a substance from the cells and fluids within a gland or organ and discharging it. It is an active process that requires energy.
secretion
the act or process of discharging waste matter of metabolism and useful substances from the tissues or organs.
excretion
t is a passive process and does not require energy.
excretion
essential for homeostasis of cells.
endo and exocytosis
the ability to engulf substances by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
endocytosis
is the engulfment of fluid substance
pinocytosis
the engulfment of solid substance
phagocytosis
the ability to discharge materials or the exit of materials from the cells.
exocytosis
is an increase in the number or size of cells.
growth
the renewal and replacement of cells (through mitosis) to maintain the normal cell population.
maintenance
the increase in the number of cells through mitosis.
reproduction
shapeof cell is influenced by
functional specialization
cells specialized for filtration
squamous
cells for conductivity
nerve cells with axons and dendrites
why is the lining cells in the surface of small intestine are columnar
because adjacent cells are closely apposed and the pressure between themdoesnt allow cells to expand laterally
inherent ability of the cells to alter shape example
white blood cell
