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histology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

a special type of connective tissue where the major component is fluid in the form of blood plasma

A

blood

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2
Q

The
medium through which gases, nutrients and waste products of metabolism are transported inside the body.

A

blood

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3
Q

Mammalian blood is composed of

A

plasma, cells, platelets

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4
Q

the fluid component of blood

A

plasma

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5
Q

Volume of blood in large domestic animals is

A

8-11%

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6
Q

Volume of blood in lab animals

A

6-7%

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7
Q

. In domestic mammals, the blood
cells constitute between

A

32 and 45% blood volume

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8
Q

a low viscous aqueous solution of proteins which contains fibrins

A

plasma

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9
Q

s the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted

A

serum

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10
Q

plasma when fibrin is removed is called

A

serum

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11
Q

components of blood

A

fluid and intercellular substance

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12
Q

the
second major component of blood.

A

cells

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13
Q

The most numerous cells in the
circulating blood and appears as pink,
non-nucleated and biconcave disks

A

rbc or erythrocytes

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14
Q

They have no organelles; merely bags
of hemoglobin that imparts a red color to blood

A

rbc

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15
Q

lofe span of rbc

A

90-120 days

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16
Q

appearance of rbc in blood smeae

A

appears as round with a pale center and dark periphery; on lateral view,
appears like a double concave lens with rounded ends and a thin middle part. Maybe crenated and is like
a tiny ball with spikes; or angular due to pressure exerted by neighboring cells in freshly collected blood

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17
Q

rbc in llama

A

oval and nucleated

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18
Q

how is erythrocyte efficient transporters of gases

A

biconcave form gives 20%-30% greater surface area than the spherical form

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19
Q

canine rbc lifespan

A

120

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20
Q

feline rbc lifespan

A

73

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21
Q

equine rbc lifespan

A

145

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22
Q

bovine rbc lifespan

A

159

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23
Q

ovine rbc lifespan

A

110

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24
Q

caprine rbc lifespan

A

125

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25
Q

porcine rbc lifespan

A

67

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26
Q

how does rbc transport o2 and co2

A

through hemoglobin which combines with these gases

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27
Q

the residue which becomes iron when the erythrocyte is engulfed and hemoglobin is broken down will contain a pigment called

A

hemosiderin

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28
Q

in stagnant blood, rbc may be overlap in a ____

A

rouleaux formation

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29
Q

these blood cells are true cells with nuclei and organelles

A

leukocytes

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30
Q

why is white blood cells not blood cells at all

A

because they only function and mature after leaving the blood compartment for the connective tissue space

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31
Q

if leukocytes are not blood cells, what are they

A

connective tissue cells

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32
Q

what is the means of transport of leukocytes

A

blood

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33
Q

capable of recognizing specific sites in the walls of blood vessels,

A

leukocytes

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34
Q

the process of leukocytes squeezing thriugh the specific sites in the walls of blood vessels

A

diapedesis

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35
Q

in diapedesis, the leukocytes uses what form of motion

A

amoeboid

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36
Q

differentiate granulocytes from agranulocytes

A

granulocytes have lobulated or segmented nuclei and have inclusions in their cytoplasm while agranulocytes do not have

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37
Q

the most common form of leukocytes in primates, dogs, cats , and horses

A

neutrophils

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38
Q

other names of neutrophils

A

polys or PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

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39
Q

in blood smear, these cells are 9-14 microns, 3-5 lobes of nucleus

A

neutrophils

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40
Q

the color of specific cytiplasmic granules of neutrophils

A

light pink to purple

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41
Q

specific granules of neutrophils

A

lysosomes

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42
Q

nucleus in females show a drumstick appendage which is a female sex chromosome (BArr body)

A

neutrophils

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43
Q

they might be termed the shock troops of the body’s defense against disease

A

neutrophils

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44
Q

these cells die as they lyse the invaders and leaves a constiture pus remnants

A

neutrophils

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45
Q

they are much less common than neutrophils only about 0.5-3% of all wbc

A

eosinophils

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46
Q

has same diameter or slightly larger than neutrophils (10-14 microns) and its nucleus is bilobed

A

eosinophils

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47
Q

specific granules of eo

A

lysosom

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48
Q

these cells are eosinophilic which stains a broght orange-pink color

A

eosinophils

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49
Q

these cells are involved in allergic responses

A

eosinophils

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50
Q

eosinophils are exceptionally larger in what animal

A

horse

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51
Q

these part of leukocytes are slightly larger than neutrophil’s snd they stain pinkish red in Wright’s smears

A

eosinophils granules

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52
Q

this staining reaction is the most characteristic means of identifying eosinophils

A

when its granules stain pinkish red in wright’s smears

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53
Q

eosinophils have been proposed to engage in phagocytosis to

A

engulf and destroy antigen-antibody compexes produced in humorally based immune reactions

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54
Q

eosinophils chemotactically aggregates in large numbers to sites where antigen-antibody complexes are found like

A

the ct below a wheal, and the raisd bump where the insect bites

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55
Q

in an h&e stain, they can be mistaken as mast cells

A

eosinophils

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56
Q

rarest granulocyte

A

basophil

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57
Q

basophils are absent in waht animals

A

cat, rats, mice

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58
Q

they are as large as neutrophils and the specific granules are large, coarse and deep purple to reddish violet

A

basophils

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59
Q

the granules of basophils contains

A

histamine and heparin which is produced by basophils

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60
Q

its nucleu is s-shaped and the granules protrudes from the cell, stretch the plasma membrane and obscure the nucleus

A

basophils

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61
Q

as a source of heparin, basophils are involved in ____

A

regulation of coagulation

62
Q

since basophils can be mistaken as mast cells, they can be distinguished by

A

the presence of peroxidase positive granules

63
Q

the nucleus may be bilobed, segmented , or irregular and they stain with basic, metachriomatic dye

A

basophils

64
Q

basophil function

A

certain type of parasitism like heartworm infection in dogs

65
Q

the most numerous and most important agranulocytes comprising 20-25% of blood cells

A

lymphocytes

66
Q

3 morphological types of lymphocytes are

A

small(5-10microns)
medium (10-18)
large

67
Q

the morpholigacal type of lymphocyte that is found outside the circulation and mostly in lymphatic organ

A

large lymphocyte

68
Q

they can be identified by their very high ratio of nucleus in the cytoplasm and the nucleus is very densely stained and round

A

lymphocyte

69
Q

the long lived lymphocytes are believed to be _____ involved in longer lasting immunity

A

memory cells

70
Q

2 functional types of lympho

A

t and b cells

71
Q

they are found in blood circulation but difficult to differentiate from monocytes because they have similar structures

A

medium lymphocytes

72
Q

they are quiescent in blood circulation. round cells with a thin rim of bluish cytoplasm

A

small lymphocytes

73
Q

where are b cells or b lymphocyte initially produced

A

in bursa of fabricius in birds

74
Q

in mammals, where are b cells produced

A

bone marrow and germinal centers of lymphatic and splenic nodules

75
Q

they are responsible for humoral immunity

A

b cells

76
Q

protects the body against disease by producing antibodies that will neutralize the antigens produced by invading microorganism

A

b cells

77
Q

where are t cells initially produced

A

thymus

78
Q

they populate the paracortical zones of lymphatic nodules and the periarterial zone of splenic corpuscles

A

t cells

79
Q

considered as the small lymphocytes in the circulating blood

A

t cells

80
Q

responsible fo rthe cell mediated immune response

A

t cells

81
Q

once the b cells conront with enemy, it will transform to

A

plasma cells

82
Q

they protect the body against disease by transforming

A

cell mediated immune response

83
Q

contains toxins harmful to the invading organism

A

cytotoxic cells

84
Q

suppress the multiplication of harmful effects of the invading organisms

A

suppressor cells

85
Q

identify the same organism in future infections and thus able to combat the disease immediately

A

memory cells

86
Q

cell mediated immune response may produce low molecular weight proteins called

A

lymphokines

87
Q

lymphokine that causes macrophages to aggregate in defense of the body

A

macrophage aggregating factor

88
Q

lymphokine that stimulates lymphocyte to divide

A

mitogenic factor

89
Q

lymphokine that prevents replication of viruses

A

interferon

90
Q

not common in circulating blood, only 5%-8% of all leukocyte

A

monocyte

91
Q

these are phagocyte that become macrophage once they enter the extravascular tissue

A

monocytes

92
Q

the largest of the circulating blood cells, 3 times the size of eruthrocyte

A

monocyte

93
Q

they are 16-25 microns, with kidney shaped nucleus and cytoplasm is blue gray

A

monocytes

94
Q

they are said to have a ground glass appearance due to the presence of fine granules in it or may be vacuolated

A

cytoplasm of monocyte

95
Q

these are cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes, which are released into the circulating blood

A

platelets

96
Q

they are membrane-bound, pale blue and round, oval, or spindle shaped

A

platelet

97
Q

the dark blue granular center of platelet is called

A

granulomere

98
Q

the thin pale blue periphery of platelet

A

hyalomere

99
Q

they don’t have nucleus and may clump together

A

platelet

100
Q

participates in homeostasis or blood clotting-initial blood clot formation

A

platelet

101
Q

instead of neutrophil, this is present in avian

A

heterophil

102
Q

round, with red rod shaped cytoplasmic granules that are easily dissolved in aqueous media and not seen in blood smears

A

heterophils

103
Q

eosinophil of avain

A

bilobed or multilobed nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm packed with refractile or transluscent homogenous granules

104
Q

instead of platelets, avian has

A

thrombocytes

105
Q

they appear similar but smaller in erythrocytes and occurs in clusters with a dark blue nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm with occasional blue or purple granules

A

thrombocytes

106
Q

the process of blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

107
Q

when the circulating blood cells die, tthey are replaced by____

A

young cells that differentiatefrom mother stem cells

108
Q

how is mature cells released to circulating blood

A

by diapedesis

109
Q

the formation of blood cells within the bone marrow

A

medullary hemocytopoiesis

110
Q

differentiation of blood cells occurs in__

A

yolk sac (megaloblastic phase)
liver and spleen (hepatosplenic phase)
then red bone marrow takes the role of haemopoiesis (medullary phase)

111
Q

hematopoietic tissues nd organs in embryo

A

blood islands of yolk sac
liver
myeloid tissue’lymphatic tissue

112
Q

hematopoietic tissues nd organs in newborn and growing animals

A

myeloid tissue and lymphatic tissues and organs

113
Q

hematopoietic tissues nd organs in mature or old animals

A

myeloid tissue
lymphatic tissues and organs

114
Q

hematopoiesis starts with the stem cell called

A

hemocytoblast

115
Q

patterns of developmental changes of blood cells during hematopoiesis

A

the hematocytoblast undergoes mitosis and dev changes that follow definite patterns or trends for both the erythrocytes and granulocytes

116
Q

changes in the size of erythrocyte during hematopoiesis

A

young cells become smaller as they mature

117
Q

changes in nucleus of erythrocyte during hematopoiesis

A

become smaller,darker and become basophilic and the nucleoli become less apparent

118
Q

changes in cytoplasm of erythrocyte during hematopoiesis

A

become acidophilic due to increase in hemoglobon content

119
Q

why is the cytoplasm of young rbc basophilic

A

bec of abundant polyribososmes

120
Q

changes in the size of the cell of leukocyte during hematopoiesis

A

become smaller

121
Q

changes in nucleus of leukocyte during hematopoiesis

A

become smaller, darker and basophilic and lobed or segemented

122
Q

changes in cytoplasm of leukocyte during hematopoiesis

A

bacomes acidophilic and the non specific granules are replace dby specific granulesmi

123
Q

mitotic activity is high in very young cells but not common in mature cells

A

read again

124
Q

types of hematopoiesis

A

erythropoiesis
myelopoiesis
thrombopoiesis
lymphopoiesis

125
Q

the development and maturation of erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

126
Q

lymphopoiesis occurs in

A

bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

127
Q

this hematopoiesis is shorter with only 4 stages

A

lymphopoiesis

128
Q

4 stages of lymphopoiesis

A

hemocytoblast
lymphoblast
prolymphocyte
lymphocyte

129
Q

what happens durimg hemocytoblast stage

A

the hemocytoblast in yolk sac destined to become lymphocyte leaves the yolk sac and populate the 2 primary lymphatic organ and will divide into daughter cells called lymphoblast

130
Q

these are the first producers of lymphocyte

A

the primary lymphatic organ (thymis and bursa of fabricius)

131
Q

the largest cell in the lymphopoiesis commonly called the large lymphocyte

A

lymphoblast

132
Q

these have basophilic cytoplasm without granules and large, round vesicular nucleus with one or more prominent nucleoli

A

lymphoblast

133
Q

the lymphoblast undergoes mitosis and forms 2 daughter ____

A

prolymphocyte

134
Q

also called small lymphocyte

A

prolymphocyte

135
Q

what happens in prolymphocyte stage

A

t and b lymphocyte leaves the thymus and bursa of fabricius and populate secondary lymphatic organs where they undergo mitosis to produce daughter t and b lymphocytes

136
Q

what are the secondary lymphocytes

A

spleen, lymph node and lymphatic nodule

137
Q

similar but smaller than lymphoblast

A

lymphocyte

138
Q

also called medium lymphocyte. it matures to become lymhocyte

A

lymphocyte stage

139
Q

it occurs only when thymus and bursa of fabricius still exist

A

lymphocytopoiesis

140
Q

when does lymphocytopoiesis stops

A

upon their involution after pubertal age

141
Q

neutrophils multiple and mature in

A

bone marrow

142
Q

eosinophils are produced in

A

bone marrow every 3-6 days

143
Q

t lympho are long lived
b lympho are short lived

A

read again

144
Q

life span of neutrophils

A

10-12 hours

145
Q

life span of eosinophils

A

3-6 hours

146
Q

life span of basophils

A

10-12 days

147
Q

life span of t lympho

A

several months to years

148
Q

life span of b lympho

A

less than 1 week

149
Q

life span of monocytes

A

16 days on blood

150
Q

life span of histiocytes

A

more than 100 days in tissues

histology (11 decks)

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