Tissue Lecture 3

Question 1

Muscle Tissue

Four main functions:

Answer 1

1. Create motion – muscles work with nerves, bones, and
   joints to produce body movements
2. Stabilize body positions and maintain posture
3. Storage and movement of substances within the body
   * Blood, digesting food (peristalsis), urine, etc.
4. Generate heat through thermogenesis

Question 2

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Answer 2

Type of muscle tissue found in skeletal muscles; elongated, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei (multinucleate); striated; voluntary.

Question 3

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Answer 3

Type of muscle tissue found only in the heart; cells are short, branched, and usually have a single nucleus; striated; involuntary.

Question 4

Intercalated Discs

Answer 4

Transverse thickenings of the membrane in cardiac cells; contain desmosomes and gap junctions for increased stability and rapid communication between cells.

Question 5

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Answer 5

Type of muscle tissue found throughout the body; cells are short, spindle-shaped, non-striated, and have a single nucleus; involuntary.

Question 6

Nervous Tissue

Answer 6

Made mostly of cells; contains neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (non-conducting cells).

Question 7

Neurons

Answer 7

Conduct nerve impulses; vary in size and shape; have dendrites (receive information), axons (conduct information), and cell bodies (contain large nucleus and organelles).

Question 8

Neuroglia

Answer 8

Non-conducting cells that support neurons; includes oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, which help form myelin sheath around nerve axons.

Question 9

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 9

Type of neuroglia cell that helps form myelin sheath around nerve axons in the central nervous system.

Question 10

Schwann Cells

Answer 10

Type of neuroglia cell that helps form myelin sheath around nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 11

Membranes

Answer 11

Sheets of tissue lining or covering various parts of the body; made of epithelial supported by connective tissue.

Question 12

Mucous Membranes

Answer 12

Line passageways open to the exterior of the body; found in digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts; must be moist to facilitate movement, absorption, or secretion; supported by areolar connective tissue.

Question 13

Serous Membranes

Answer 13

Line body cavities that do not open to the exterior; composed of mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue; secrete watery serous fluid to coat surfaces and reduce friction between moving parts.

Question 14

Cutaneous Membranes

Answer 14

Skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis), areolar tissue (dermis), and dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 15

Synovial Membranes

Answer 15

Line freely movable joint cavities; secrete synovial fluid to lubricate joints and provide nutrients to cartilage cells; lacks a true epithelium.

Question 16

Cracking Knuckles

Answer 16

Caused by gas bubbles forming and releasing within the synovial fluid when the joint capsule is stretched quickly.

Question 17

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 17

Autoimmune disorder of connective tissue where the body’s immune cells attack its own tissue; can affect any system in the body; symptoms include ulcers, arthritis, fever, fatigue, weight loss, neurological deficits, and a characteristic “butterfly” rash on the cheeks.

Question 18

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Answer 18

An autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands; symptoms include dryness of the eyes, mouth, and nose, arthritis, pancreatitis, pleuritis, and muscle and joint pain.