Chemistry Lecture 4 Flashcards
Straight-Chain Carbon Compounds:
Definition: Carbons arranged in a linear sequence.
Examples: Methane (CH4), Propane (C3H8), Simple fatty acids.
Function: Building blocks for larger organic molecules.
Branched-Chain Carbon Compounds:
Definition: Carbons arranged in branching sequences.
Examples: Glycogen.
Function: Structural support and energy storage.
Ringed Carbon Compounds
Definition: Carbons arranged in a closed ringed pattern.
Examples: Glucose.
Function: Structural support and energy storage.
Hydroxyl Group (-OH)
Definition: Oxygen and hydrogen bonded together.
Example: Alcohols, such as ethanol.
Function: Polar and hydrophilic, participate in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.
Sulfhydryl Group (-SH):
Definition: Sulfur and hydrogen bonded together.
Example: Cysteine, an amino acid.
Function: Affects the chemical and physical properties of a molecule, such as its reactivity and ability to form disulfide bonds.
Carbonyl Group (C=O)
Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom.
Example: Acetone (a ketone) or acetaldehyde (an aldehyde).
Function: Determines whether a molecule is a ketone or an aldehyde.
Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Example: Acetic acid.
Function: Acts as an acid, releasing hydrogen ions.
Ester Group (R-CO-OR’)
Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an alkyl group and another oxygen.
Example: Ethyl acetate.
Function: Found in fats, oils, and triglycerides.
Phosphate Group (-PO4)
Definition: Phosphorus bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Example: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Function: Key component of high-energy bonds and DNA/RNA.
Amino Group (-NH2)
Definition: Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Example: Glycine, an amino acid.
Function: Acts as a base to form -NH3+, and is a key component of amino acids.
Monomers
Definition: Smallest unit of an organic molecule.
Example: Amino acids, glucose.
Function: Building blocks for larger organic molecules.
Polymers:
Definintion, Example, Function
Definition: Larger organic molecule consisting of multiple monomers.
Example: Proteins (polymer) made up of amino acids (monomer), Polysaccharides (polymer) made up of monosaccharides (monomer).
Function: Structural support, storage, and energy.
Isomers:
Definition: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures.
Example: Glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6).
Function: Have different reactive properties due to their different structures
Carbohydrates:
Definition: Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Function: Provide energy, store energy, and form structures in cells.
Glucose:
Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, and the most abundant carbohydrate.
Function: Primary source of energy for cells.
Fructose:
Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, found in fruits.
Function: Provides sweetness to fruits and is a component of table sugar.
Galactose:
Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, found in milk and milk products.
Function: Provides sweetness to milk and is a component of lactose (milk sugar).
Monosaccharides:
Definition: Simple sugars, consisting of one sugar molecule.
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
Function: Basic units of carbohydrates, used for energy.
Disaccharides:
Definition: Sugars consisting of two sugar molecules.
Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose).
Function: Provides energy and sweetness.
Polysaccharides:
Definition: Complex carbohydrates, consisting of many sugar molecules.
Examples: Glycogen (energy storage in animals), Starches (energy storage in plants), Cellulose (structural component in plants).
Function: Energy storage, structural support, and cell wall formation.
Lipids:
Definition: Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Function: Energy storage, insulation, protection, and cell membrane structure.
Examples: Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids.
Fatty Acids:
Definition: Simplest of lipids, consisting of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
Examples: Saturated, Unsaturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.
Triglycerides:
Definition: Organic molecules containing one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
Function: Primary form of fat storage in the body.
Examples: Saturated, Unsaturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated.
Sources: Animal fats, vegetable oils.
Saturated Fats:
Definition: Fatty acids with single covalent bonds, solid at room temperature.
Examples: Animal fats, coconut oil.
Function: Energy storage, insulation.
Unsaturated Fats:
Definition: Fatty acids with one or more double covalent bonds, liquid at room temperature.
Examples: Olive oil, canola oil.
Function: Energy storage, insulation.
Monounsaturated Fats:
Definition: Fatty acids with one double covalent bond.
Examples: Olive oil, avocados.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.
Polyunsaturated Fats:
Definition: Fatty acids with more than one double covalent bond.
Examples: Sunflower oil, corn oil.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.
