Chemistry Lecture 4

Question 1

Straight-Chain Carbon Compounds:

Answer 1

Definition: Carbons arranged in a linear sequence.
Examples: Methane (CH4), Propane (C3H8), Simple fatty acids.
Function: Building blocks for larger organic molecules.

Question 2

Branched-Chain Carbon Compounds:

Answer 2

Definition: Carbons arranged in branching sequences.
Examples: Glycogen.
Function: Structural support and energy storage.

Question 3

Ringed Carbon Compounds

Answer 3

Definition: Carbons arranged in a closed ringed pattern.
Examples: Glucose.
Function: Structural support and energy storage.

Question 4

Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

Answer 4

Definition: Oxygen and hydrogen bonded together.
Example: Alcohols, such as ethanol.
Function: Polar and hydrophilic, participate in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.

Question 5

Sulfhydryl Group (-SH):

Answer 5

Definition: Sulfur and hydrogen bonded together.
Example: Cysteine, an amino acid.
Function: Affects the chemical and physical properties of a molecule, such as its reactivity and ability to form disulfide bonds.

Question 6

Carbonyl Group (C=O)

Answer 6

Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom.
Example: Acetone (a ketone) or acetaldehyde (an aldehyde).
Function: Determines whether a molecule is a ketone or an aldehyde.

Question 7

Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

Answer 7

Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Example: Acetic acid.
Function: Acts as an acid, releasing hydrogen ions.

Question 8

Ester Group (R-CO-OR’)

Answer 8

Definition: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an alkyl group and another oxygen.
Example: Ethyl acetate.
Function: Found in fats, oils, and triglycerides.

Question 9

Phosphate Group (-PO4)

Answer 9

Definition: Phosphorus bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Example: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Function: Key component of high-energy bonds and DNA/RNA.

Question 10

Amino Group (-NH2)

Answer 10

Definition: Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Example: Glycine, an amino acid.
Function: Acts as a base to form -NH3+, and is a key component of amino acids.

Question 11

Monomers

Answer 11

Definition: Smallest unit of an organic molecule.
Example: Amino acids, glucose.
Function: Building blocks for larger organic molecules.

Question 12

Polymers:

Definintion, Example, Function

Answer 12

Definition: Larger organic molecule consisting of multiple monomers.
Example: Proteins (polymer) made up of amino acids (monomer), Polysaccharides (polymer) made up of monosaccharides (monomer).
Function: Structural support, storage, and energy.

Question 13

Isomers:

Answer 13

Definition: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures.
Example: Glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6).
Function: Have different reactive properties due to their different structures

Question 14

Carbohydrates:

Answer 14

Definition: Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Function: Provide energy, store energy, and form structures in cells.

Question 15

Glucose:

Answer 15

Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, and the most abundant carbohydrate.
Function: Primary source of energy for cells.

Question 16

Fructose:

Answer 16

Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, found in fruits.
Function: Provides sweetness to fruits and is a component of table sugar.

Question 17

Galactose:

Answer 17

Definition: A monosaccharide, or simple sugar, found in milk and milk products.
Function: Provides sweetness to milk and is a component of lactose (milk sugar).

Question 18

Monosaccharides:

Answer 18

Definition: Simple sugars, consisting of one sugar molecule.
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
Function: Basic units of carbohydrates, used for energy.

Question 19

Disaccharides:

Answer 19

Definition: Sugars consisting of two sugar molecules.
Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose).
Function: Provides energy and sweetness.

Question 20

Polysaccharides:

Answer 20

Definition: Complex carbohydrates, consisting of many sugar molecules.
Examples: Glycogen (energy storage in animals), Starches (energy storage in plants), Cellulose (structural component in plants).
Function: Energy storage, structural support, and cell wall formation.

Question 21

Lipids:

Answer 21

Definition: Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Function: Energy storage, insulation, protection, and cell membrane structure.
Examples: Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids.

Question 22

Fatty Acids:

Answer 22

Definition: Simplest of lipids, consisting of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
Examples: Saturated, Unsaturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.

Question 23

Triglycerides:

Answer 23

Definition: Organic molecules containing one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains.
Function: Primary form of fat storage in the body.
Examples: Saturated, Unsaturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated.
Sources: Animal fats, vegetable oils.

Question 24

Saturated Fats:

Answer 24

Definition: Fatty acids with single covalent bonds, solid at room temperature.
Examples: Animal fats, coconut oil.
Function: Energy storage, insulation.

Question 25

Unsaturated Fats:

Answer 25

Definition: Fatty acids with one or more double covalent bonds, liquid at room temperature.
Examples: Olive oil, canola oil.
Function: Energy storage, insulation.

Question 26

Monounsaturated Fats:

Answer 26

Definition: Fatty acids with one double covalent bond.
Examples: Olive oil, avocados.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.

Question 27

Polyunsaturated Fats:

Answer 27

Definition: Fatty acids with more than one double covalent bond.
Examples: Sunflower oil, corn oil.
Function: Building blocks for more complex lipids, energy production.