Time (6) Flashcards
Periodic timing is when we ________________________________________
periodic = learning to respond at a particular time of day
Interval timing is when we _____________________________________
Interval timing = learning to respond after a particular interval of time
Periodic timing may occur due to our in-built ________ _________, which acts as an internal clock.
circadian rhythms
The Carlson rat study showed what?
Rats more active in dark, but dark period can vary
Adding one hour to day means they start their routine an hour later
suggests an internal clock but modulated by external cues
What are two examples in animals of disrupting periodic timings by altering external cues?
Carlson rat study - altering dark periods and adding an hour to their day
Putting nail varnish over bugs eyes to stop them seeing light
Bolles and Strokes did what to newborn rats to test if circadian rhythms?
Reared some rats on a 24hour cycle, some rats on 19 and 29 hour cycles
What did Bolles and Strokes find from altering the circadian rhythms of rats and trying to feed them? Did they adapt?
Rats on a 24hour cycle fed at normal time, normal activity
Rats on 19hour and 29 hour cycle could not adapt and struggled with food patterns
Our internal clock is said to be located in the _______________ ______ in the hypothalamus.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus regulates internal clock
What happens in rats when the SCN is damaged (i.e Lesion)?
they abolish circadian regularity
New evidence into the SCN suggests what?
That it regulates cellular processes all over the body
What are 3 major health implications of the circadian rhythm?
Give examples
Physical illness - diabetes, infections, heart disease, cancer
Mental health - depression and anxiety
Alzheimer’s - symptoms can worsen in afternoon and evening
Rats can learn to associate the _______ of CS with the US, and therefore _______. However, if the CS ________ without any US, the rats stop ______ after a while. This is _____ ______
Rats associate timing of CS with US leading to responses
however, if CS carries on with no US, rats stop responding after a while
example of interval timing
In a study by Church and Gibbons,(1982), Interval timings were shown when rats learn that a _______ is only given for _______ to a specific ______ ______
Reward only given after responding to a specifically timed stimulus
Weber’s law of Just Noticeable Difference suggests what about small amounts vs large amounts?
Give an example
differences in small amounts (1vs2 sugars) are judged more easily than differences in large amounts (8vs9 sugars)
What is weber’s law for scalar timing? (equation)
Just discriminable change/original intensity = k (constant)
Delta I / I = K
The critical point of Weber’s law is that the _________ ______ is more important than the _______ _______
The percentage of change is more important than the absolute change
(standard-comparison/ standard
rather than
standard - comparison)
When stimulus timed interval is 2 seconds, the responses occur between ___ second and __ seconds, which is the smallest interval
2 second timed interval responses between 1 and 3 seconds
When the timed interval is 4 seconds, the responses occur between ___ seconds and __ seconds, which is a medium interval.
4 second timed interval responses between 2 and 6 seconds
When the timed interval is 8 seconds, the responses occur between ___ seconds and __ seconds, which is the largest interval.
8 second timed interval - responses between 4 and 12 seconds
Gibbon et al scalar timing theory involves what 5 main components?
pacemaker
working memory
reference memory
comparator
response
In the scalar timing theory the pacemaker is represented as ___, which is the number of _______ per _______.
Pacemaker = t, number of pulses per second
In the scalar timing theory working memory is represented as __ x __.
The reference memory is represented as __x ___ x___
Working memory = N X t
Reference memory = K X N X t
How does the working memory work in the scalar timing theory?
Stimulus presented - switch operated
pacemaker pulses accumulate
therefore working memory = N for number of seconds passed x t (pulses)
In scalar timing theory, the pulse (t)__________________
A roughly stays the same
B Can vary
C Always stays the same
D Both A and B
D both A and B
If the pulse, t = 1, and the stimulus is presented for 5 seconds before the reinforcement, what is the time value stored in the working memory?
A 1 second
B 2.5 seconds
C 5 seconds
D 10 seconds
C 5 seconds
In the reference memory, what happens to the working memory time value when the reinforcement occurs?
Pulses stop accumulating another switch allows pulses in working memory to be stored in reference memory
In reference memory, K value represents _______ and is close to 1
K value represents the distortion/error
If K = 1, the memory is ________.
If K < 1, the memory of pulses stored is ___________________
If K > 1, the memory of pulses stored is ___________________
K= 1 memory is accurate
K < 1, memory of pulses stored smaller than actuality
K > 1, memory of pulses stored larger than actuality
True or false, the reference memory can only store info from one trial.
False, the reference memory stores info from a number of trials
The K value of error _______ trial to trial
A always Increases
B stays the same
C Varies in either direction
D Always decreases
C Varies in either direction
On each trial the animal compares the _____ ____ value with a ________, a random value from the stored reference memory.
animal compares working memory value with a comparator from the reference memory
The comparator from the reference memory is known as ___
NMx
If the comparator from the reference is close to the working memory value, the animal_________
A does nothing
B responds
C responds only when comparator and working memory trial value are the exact same
D none of the above
B responds
The comparator is compared to the working memory trial value using a ____ rule rather than a _______ rule, just as Weber’s scalar timing equation suggests.
Reference value compared to working memory value using a ratio rule rather than a difference rule
What does a large difference between the reference and the working memory value predict?
the animal is less likely to respond
What is the criticism with the pacemaker in the scalar timing theory?
There is no physiological evidence for it yet.
A solution for the lack of physiological evidence for the scalar timing theory is a series of _________, which switch __ or ____ after a period of ______.
solution - series of oscillators which switch on or off after a period of time
Killeen and Fettleman proposed what theory as a solution to the criticisms of scalar timing theory?
Behavioural timing theory
In the Behavioural timing theory, the animal completes a series of _______ betwen each _______. Behaviours are modulated by an ______ _____.The behaviour that occurs when the next reinforcement occurs becomes a ______.
animal completes a series of behaviours between each reinforcement
behavipurs modulated by an internal pulse/clock
behaviour occurring when the next reinforcer occurs becomes a signal
Another issue with scalar timing theory is that _______ and ______ occur at the same time, but are controlled by different ________ ________.
timing and conditioning occur at same time but are modulated by different learning mechanisms
The scalar timing theory fails to explain ________
A Blocking
B Reinforcement
C Timed behaviours
D None of the above
A Blocking
