Time (6)

Question 1

Periodic timing is when we ________________________________________

Answer 1

periodic = learning to respond at a particular time of day

Question 2

Interval timing is when we _____________________________________

Answer 2

Interval timing = learning to respond after a particular interval of time

Question 3

Periodic timing may occur due to our in-built ________ _________, which acts as an internal clock.

Answer 3

circadian rhythms

Question 4

The Carlson rat study showed what?

Answer 4

Rats more active in dark, but dark period can vary
Adding one hour to day means they start their routine an hour later
suggests an internal clock but modulated by external cues

Question 5

What are two examples in animals of disrupting periodic timings by altering external cues?

Answer 5

Carlson rat study - altering dark periods and adding an hour to their day
Putting nail varnish over bugs eyes to stop them seeing light

Question 6

Bolles and Strokes did what to newborn rats to test if circadian rhythms?

Answer 6

Reared some rats on a 24hour cycle, some rats on 19 and 29 hour cycles

Question 7

What did Bolles and Strokes find from altering the circadian rhythms of rats and trying to feed them? Did they adapt?

Answer 7

Rats on a 24hour cycle fed at normal time, normal activity
Rats on 19hour and 29 hour cycle could not adapt and struggled with food patterns

Question 8

Our internal clock is said to be located in the _______________ ______ in the hypothalamus.

Answer 8

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus regulates internal clock

Question 9

What happens in rats when the SCN is damaged (i.e Lesion)?

Answer 9

they abolish circadian regularity

Question 10

New evidence into the SCN suggests what?

Answer 10

That it regulates cellular processes all over the body

Question 11

What are 3 major health implications of the circadian rhythm?
Give examples

Answer 11

Physical illness - diabetes, infections, heart disease, cancer
Mental health - depression and anxiety
Alzheimer’s - symptoms can worsen in afternoon and evening

Question 12

Rats can learn to associate the _______ of CS with the US, and therefore _______. However, if the CS ________ without any US, the rats stop ______ after a while. This is _____ ______

Answer 12

Rats associate timing of CS with US leading to responses
however, if CS carries on with no US, rats stop responding after a while
example of interval timing

Question 13

In a study by Church and Gibbons,(1982), Interval timings were shown when rats learn that a _______ is only given for _______ to a specific ______ ______

Answer 13

Reward only given after responding to a specifically timed stimulus

Question 14

Weber’s law of Just Noticeable Difference suggests what about small amounts vs large amounts?
Give an example

Answer 14

differences in small amounts (1vs2 sugars) are judged more easily than differences in large amounts (8vs9 sugars)

Question 15

What is weber’s law for scalar timing? (equation)

Answer 15

Just discriminable change/original intensity = k (constant)
Delta I / I = K

Question 16

The critical point of Weber’s law is that the _________ ______ is more important than the _______ _______

Answer 16

The percentage of change is more important than the absolute change

(standard-comparison/ standard
rather than
standard - comparison)

Question 17

When stimulus timed interval is 2 seconds, the responses occur between ___ second and __ seconds, which is the smallest interval

Answer 17

2 second timed interval responses between 1 and 3 seconds

Question 18

When the timed interval is 4 seconds, the responses occur between ___ seconds and __ seconds, which is a medium interval.

Answer 18

4 second timed interval responses between 2 and 6 seconds

Question 19

When the timed interval is 8 seconds, the responses occur between ___ seconds and __ seconds, which is the largest interval.

Answer 19

8 second timed interval - responses between 4 and 12 seconds

Question 20

Gibbon et al scalar timing theory involves what 5 main components?

Answer 20

pacemaker
working memory
reference memory
comparator
response

Question 21

In the scalar timing theory the pacemaker is represented as ___, which is the number of _______ per _______.

Answer 21

Pacemaker = t, number of pulses per second

Question 22

In the scalar timing theory working memory is represented as __ x __.
The reference memory is represented as __x ___ x___

Answer 22

Working memory = N X t
Reference memory = K X N X t

Question 23

How does the working memory work in the scalar timing theory?

Answer 23

Stimulus presented - switch operated
pacemaker pulses accumulate
therefore working memory = N for number of seconds passed x t (pulses)

Question 24

In scalar timing theory, the pulse (t)__________________
A roughly stays the same
B Can vary
C Always stays the same
D Both A and B

Answer 24

D both A and B

Question 25

If the pulse, t = 1, and the stimulus is presented for 5 seconds before the reinforcement, what is the time value stored in the working memory?
A 1 second
B 2.5 seconds
C 5 seconds
D 10 seconds

Answer 25

C 5 seconds

Question 26

In the reference memory, what happens to the working memory time value when the reinforcement occurs?

Answer 26

Pulses stop accumulating another switch allows pulses in working memory to be stored in reference memory

Question 27

In reference memory, K value represents _______ and is close to 1

Answer 27

K value represents the distortion/error

Question 28

If K = 1, the memory is ________.
If K < 1, the memory of pulses stored is ___________________
If K > 1, the memory of pulses stored is ___________________

Answer 28

K= 1 memory is accurate
K < 1, memory of pulses stored smaller than actuality
K > 1, memory of pulses stored larger than actuality

Question 29

True or false, the reference memory can only store info from one trial.

Answer 29

False, the reference memory stores info from a number of trials

Question 30

The K value of error _______ trial to trial
A always Increases
B stays the same
C Varies in either direction
D Always decreases

Answer 30

C Varies in either direction

Question 31

On each trial the animal compares the _____ ____ value with a ________, a random value from the stored reference memory.

Answer 31

animal compares working memory value with a comparator from the reference memory

Question 32

The comparator from the reference memory is known as ___

Answer 32

NMx

Question 33

If the comparator from the reference is close to the working memory value, the animal_________
A does nothing
B responds
C responds only when comparator and working memory trial value are the exact same
D none of the above

Answer 33

B responds

Question 34

The comparator is compared to the working memory trial value using a ____ rule rather than a _______ rule, just as Weber’s scalar timing equation suggests.

Answer 34

Reference value compared to working memory value using a ratio rule rather than a difference rule

Question 35

What does a large difference between the reference and the working memory value predict?

Answer 35

the animal is less likely to respond

Question 36

What is the criticism with the pacemaker in the scalar timing theory?

Answer 36

There is no physiological evidence for it yet.

Question 37

A solution for the lack of physiological evidence for the scalar timing theory is a series of _________, which switch __ or ____ after a period of ______.

Answer 37

solution - series of oscillators which switch on or off after a period of time

Question 38

Killeen and Fettleman proposed what theory as a solution to the criticisms of scalar timing theory?

Answer 38

Behavioural timing theory

Question 39

In the Behavioural timing theory, the animal completes a series of _______ betwen each _______. Behaviours are modulated by an ______ _____.The behaviour that occurs when the next reinforcement occurs becomes a ______.

Answer 39

animal completes a series of behaviours between each reinforcement
behavipurs modulated by an internal pulse/clock
behaviour occurring when the next reinforcer occurs becomes a signal

Question 40

Another issue with scalar timing theory is that _______ and ______ occur at the same time, but are controlled by different ________ ________.

Answer 40

timing and conditioning occur at same time but are modulated by different learning mechanisms

Question 41

The scalar timing theory fails to explain ________
A Blocking
B Reinforcement
C Timed behaviours
D None of the above

Answer 41

A Blocking