Pavlovian Instrumental Interactions (7) Flashcards
In classical conditioning, with CS US pairings, you are unable to stop incidental ________ ________ between the CR and the CS
Cannot stop incidental instrumental learning in classical conditioning
In instrumental conditioning, we cannot prevent incidental __________ _______ between the CS and US
Cannot stop incidental classical conditioning in instrumental learning
In instrumental conditioning the response is ______ and _____-______, whereas in classical conditioning the conditioned response is _____ and heavily linked to the _______ _______
Instrumental - response is goal directed - can adapt to respond based on goal
Classical CR is rigid and linked to the UR
In Holland’s 1979 study, he used ________ conditioning by pairing a light with food, but then used ________ _________ to omit food, whenever the rats responded with the ________ behaviour
Light food pairing = classical
instrumental conditioning by omitting food when rats responded with magazine behaviour
What is evidence that instrumental conditioning took place in Holland’s 1979 study?
Rats learned not to respond when light came on as food would be taken away - negative punishment
In Holland’s (1979) study the yoked group received food every time what happened?
every time the partner in the group omission didnt respond
In experiment/version 2 by Holland (1979) the magazine behaviour for omission was replaced by?
A Mating behaviour
B Resting behavior
C Rearing behavior
D Cleaning behavior
C Rearing behavior
When the reward omitting behavior used was more natural, such as rearing behavior, what happened to the rats responses?
The rearing behavior responses decreased but did not eliminate
In Holland’s (1979) experiment, classical condition took place when the stimulus omitting behavior was more ________, such as ______ behavior, whereas instrumental conditioning took place when the stimulus omitting behavior was ______, such as ________ behavior
Classical conditioning when behavior was more natural - rearing behavior
Instrumental when behavior was learnt, such as magazine behavior
How did Grindley (1932) show that instrumental conditioning took place in guinea pigs?
Learned that if they turned head one way, get food response, but they could relearn that turning head the other way gets food response.
Heyes and Dawson (1990) showed that rats can learn a ________ by observing someone else _______ for a reward.
rats can learn a response by observing someone else respond for a reward
In instrumental conditioning some responses are _____ to elicit than others, and some ________ responses may ________ with the response you want to elicit.
some responses are harder to elicit than others
some involuntary responses may interfere with ones you want to elicit
Training rats to ___ to avoid a hocks is a lot easier than training rats to ____ ____ to avoid a shock.
raining rats to run to avoid easier than training rats to remain still to avoid
The _______ the hard-wired UR is to the UCS, the ______ it is to avoid it and teach a different response. Sometimes it is better to _____ _____ the classical responses.
The stronger connection between UR and UCS, harder it is to avoid and teach something else
sometimes better to work with/integrate classical CR’s
How do avoidance responses first begin in rats in instrumental conditioning?
Rats hear buzzer which acts as warning signal for shock
buzzer acts as classically conditioned stimulus to signal fear (shock)
rats learn avoidance response
If responding is motivated by something nice, and the CS predicts something nice we will respond ________
more
If responding is motivated by something nice, and the CS predicts something nasty we will respond ________
less
If responding is motivated by something nasty, and the CS predicts something nice we will respond ________
less
If responding is motivated by something nasty, and the CS predicts something nasty we will respond ________
more
Conditioned suppression is when ___________ predicts food, but a _____ (CS) signalling a shock reduces __________.
responding for food
however, tone which predicts shock reduces responding
Estes (1948) showed a basic pavlovian instrumental transfer by having rats do what?
Firstly pair a tone with food
then have rats press lever for food
then play tone, rats will respond by pressing lever
even without food
pavlovian instrumental transfer
PIT stands for ___________ ___________ ________
Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer
In PIT, the Pavlovian phase involves a pairing of a ____ with something _______ or _______. In the instrumental phase the subject either __________ for something nice or to avoid something nasty, or ______ _______ to receive something nice or avoid something nasty.
Pavlovian phase - pair CS with aversive or positive stimulus
Instrumental phase - respond to avoid aversive, or for reward, or dont respond to get reward, or to avoid aversive
In specific PIT,
If the pavlovian pairing predicts the same thing as the instrumental response is motivated by, this is _________ ____________
However if the pavlovian pairing predicts something different to what the instrumental response is motivated by, this is _____________ __________
congruent responding
incongruent responding
Pavlovian instrumental transfer can be transferred to addiction.
Give an example
Seeing branding of beer or cigarettes leads to wanting to respond to achieve outcome of the substance
why cigarettes don’t have branded packaging in UK
Alarcon and Bonardi (2000) also showed the effects of ____________ and ___________ responding.
congruent and incongruent responding
Memories or associations can also be cued by the ______ or _____ you were in when you formed the association. This is called ________ dependence and ______ dependence.
memories cued by context or state present at formation of association
context and state dependent memory
Give two examples of context dependence?
Word may mean different things in different contexts - i.e red light in Amsterdam different to red light when you are in a car - association that you retrieve depends on context
Godden and Baddeley diver study
In context dependence, the _______ appears to control which ___ ____ association to use.
context controls which CS US association u use
The _________ stimulus is an example of context dependence, as its presence sets the _________ for __________ learning, but not by eliciting a response
discriminative stimulus creates context dependence by setting occasion for instrumental learning
In classical conditioning, the ___________ stimulus such as a light, acts as a ________ controller for the true ____________. This is shown as the ___________ stimulus alone cannot elicit a ________.
The discriminative stimulus acts as a special controller for the CS US pairing or the R US pairing, as the discriminative stimulus alone cannot elicit the association with the UCS as no response
In instrumental conditioning, is the discriminative stimulus actually just a CS or is it an occasion setter/special controller?
Give evidence
if discriminative stimulus was a CS it would cause blocking so that less learning about true signal would occur, however this does not happen, and SD does not lead to blocking
Latent inhibition is a phenomenon that occurs when it takes longer __ ______ about a ____-_________ stimulus
Latent inhibition = longer to learn about a pre-exposed stimulus
