Pavlovian Instrumental Interactions (7)

Question 1

In classical conditioning, with CS US pairings, you are unable to stop incidental ________ ________ between the CR and the CS

Answer 1

Cannot stop incidental instrumental learning in classical conditioning

Question 2

In instrumental conditioning, we cannot prevent incidental __________ _______ between the CS and US

Answer 2

Cannot stop incidental classical conditioning in instrumental learning

Question 3

In instrumental conditioning the response is ______ and _____-______, whereas in classical conditioning the conditioned response is _____ and heavily linked to the _______ _______

Answer 3

Instrumental - response is goal directed - can adapt to respond based on goal
Classical CR is rigid and linked to the UR

Question 4

In Holland’s 1979 study, he used ________ conditioning by pairing a light with food, but then used ________ _________ to omit food, whenever the rats responded with the ________ behaviour

Answer 4

Light food pairing = classical
instrumental conditioning by omitting food when rats responded with magazine behaviour

Question 5

What is evidence that instrumental conditioning took place in Holland’s 1979 study?

Answer 5

Rats learned not to respond when light came on as food would be taken away - negative punishment

Question 6

In Holland’s (1979) study the yoked group received food every time what happened?

Answer 6

every time the partner in the group omission didnt respond

Question 7

In experiment/version 2 by Holland (1979) the magazine behaviour for omission was replaced by?
A Mating behaviour
B Resting behavior
C Rearing behavior
D Cleaning behavior

Answer 7

C Rearing behavior

Question 8

When the reward omitting behavior used was more natural, such as rearing behavior, what happened to the rats responses?

Answer 8

The rearing behavior responses decreased but did not eliminate

Question 9

In Holland’s (1979) experiment, classical condition took place when the stimulus omitting behavior was more ________, such as ______ behavior, whereas instrumental conditioning took place when the stimulus omitting behavior was ______, such as ________ behavior

Answer 9

Classical conditioning when behavior was more natural - rearing behavior
Instrumental when behavior was learnt, such as magazine behavior

Question 10

How did Grindley (1932) show that instrumental conditioning took place in guinea pigs?

Answer 10

Learned that if they turned head one way, get food response, but they could relearn that turning head the other way gets food response.

Question 11

Heyes and Dawson (1990) showed that rats can learn a ________ by observing someone else _______ for a reward.

Answer 11

rats can learn a response by observing someone else respond for a reward

Question 12

In instrumental conditioning some responses are _____ to elicit than others, and some ________ responses may ________ with the response you want to elicit.

Answer 12

some responses are harder to elicit than others
some involuntary responses may interfere with ones you want to elicit

Question 13

Training rats to ___ to avoid a hocks is a lot easier than training rats to ____ ____ to avoid a shock.

Answer 13

raining rats to run to avoid easier than training rats to remain still to avoid

Question 14

The _______ the hard-wired UR is to the UCS, the ______ it is to avoid it and teach a different response. Sometimes it is better to _____ _____ the classical responses.

Answer 14

The stronger connection between UR and UCS, harder it is to avoid and teach something else
sometimes better to work with/integrate classical CR’s

Question 15

How do avoidance responses first begin in rats in instrumental conditioning?

Answer 15

Rats hear buzzer which acts as warning signal for shock
buzzer acts as classically conditioned stimulus to signal fear (shock)
rats learn avoidance response

Question 16

If responding is motivated by something nice, and the CS predicts something nice we will respond ________

Answer 16

more

Question 17

If responding is motivated by something nice, and the CS predicts something nasty we will respond ________

Answer 17

less

Question 17

If responding is motivated by something nasty, and the CS predicts something nice we will respond ________

Answer 17

less

Question 18

If responding is motivated by something nasty, and the CS predicts something nasty we will respond ________

Answer 18

more

Question 19

Conditioned suppression is when ___________ predicts food, but a _____ (CS) signalling a shock reduces __________.

Answer 19

responding for food
however, tone which predicts shock reduces responding

Question 19

Estes (1948) showed a basic pavlovian instrumental transfer by having rats do what?

Answer 19

Firstly pair a tone with food
then have rats press lever for food
then play tone, rats will respond by pressing lever
even without food
pavlovian instrumental transfer

Question 20

PIT stands for ___________ ___________ ________

Answer 20

Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer

Question 21

In PIT, the Pavlovian phase involves a pairing of a ____ with something _______ or _______. In the instrumental phase the subject either __________ for something nice or to avoid something nasty, or ______ _______ to receive something nice or avoid something nasty.

Answer 21

Pavlovian phase - pair CS with aversive or positive stimulus
Instrumental phase - respond to avoid aversive, or for reward, or dont respond to get reward, or to avoid aversive

Question 22

In specific PIT,
If the pavlovian pairing predicts the same thing as the instrumental response is motivated by, this is _________ ____________

However if the pavlovian pairing predicts something different to what the instrumental response is motivated by, this is _____________ __________

Answer 22

congruent responding
incongruent responding

Question 23

Pavlovian instrumental transfer can be transferred to addiction.
Give an example

Answer 23

Seeing branding of beer or cigarettes leads to wanting to respond to achieve outcome of the substance

why cigarettes don’t have branded packaging in UK

Question 24

Alarcon and Bonardi (2000) also showed the effects of ____________ and ___________ responding.

Answer 24

congruent and incongruent responding

Question 25

Memories or associations can also be cued by the ______ or _____ you were in when you formed the association. This is called ________ dependence and ______ dependence.

Answer 25

memories cued by context or state present at formation of association
context and state dependent memory

Question 26

Give two examples of context dependence?

Answer 26

Word may mean different things in different contexts - i.e red light in Amsterdam different to red light when you are in a car - association that you retrieve depends on context

Godden and Baddeley diver study

Question 27

In context dependence, the _______ appears to control which ___ ____ association to use.

Answer 27

context controls which CS US association u use

Question 28

The _________ stimulus is an example of context dependence, as its presence sets the _________ for __________ learning, but not by eliciting a response

Answer 28

discriminative stimulus creates context dependence by setting occasion for instrumental learning

Question 29

In classical conditioning, the ___________ stimulus such as a light, acts as a ________ controller for the true ____________. This is shown as the ___________ stimulus alone cannot elicit a ________.

Answer 29

The discriminative stimulus acts as a special controller for the CS US pairing or the R US pairing, as the discriminative stimulus alone cannot elicit the association with the UCS as no response

Question 30

In instrumental conditioning, is the discriminative stimulus actually just a CS or is it an occasion setter/special controller?
Give evidence

Answer 30

if discriminative stimulus was a CS it would cause blocking so that less learning about true signal would occur, however this does not happen, and SD does not lead to blocking

Question 31

Latent inhibition is a phenomenon that occurs when it takes longer __ ______ about a ____-_________ stimulus

Answer 31

Latent inhibition = longer to learn about a pre-exposed stimulus