Intro to learning (1)

Question 1

A stimulus is an ______ that happens to you, can be perceived by __ _ ______, and can be ________ or _______

Answer 1

an event that happens to you
perceivable by all 5 senses
cab be external or internal

Question 2

A response is __________ ___ __, it can be _________ or __________.

Answer 2

Response = something you do, can be voluntary or involuntary

Question 3

Learning is the process of _________________________________. Learning has occurred when there is a ____________________________________

Answer 3

process of acquiring new knowledge
persistent change in behaviour as a result of experience.

Question 4

If asking a subject to see if they have learnt something is not possible, such as in ______ or _______, the best way to see if someone has learnt something is to _________________________

Answer 4

Cannot ask infants or animals
observe behavior and persistent changes in behavior

Question 5

True or false, not all behaviour is learned and some is innate?

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Give one example of an animal with a fixed innate behavior?

Answer 6

Tinbergen’s stickleback fish, who become aggressive when they see a fish (or non fish) with a red belly. They respond aggressively to the red belly.

Question 7

Fixed action patterns are __________ _______ triggered by a ____ stimulus. Here, the stimulus is ____-_____ to trigger the behavior via mental images, with the association forming through __________

Answer 7

stereotyped responses triggered by a sign stimulus
stimulus hard wired to trigger behavior through mental images
association forming through evolution

Question 8

What is a supernormal stimulus in ethology? Give an example

Answer 8

A replica stimulus more effective at triggering a response than its natural counterpart, Such as replica stickleback fish where the red belly is emphasized

Question 9

Despite unlearned behaviour being important in __________, it is not entirely sufficient, and animals need to learn to _______ to changes in their __________.

Answer 9

unlearned behaviour important in survival
however animals need to learn to adapt to environment

Question 10

What is habituation in learning?

Answer 10

A reduction in response to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to the stimulus.

Question 11

Short term habituation is when the response __________ _________ after delay whereas long term habituation is when the response___________ after delay

Answer 11

Short term H = response doesn’t recover
Long term H = reduced response remains/recovers after delay

Question 12

In habituation, there is a ____-__________ _____ between stimulus and behaviour. Because the response is weakened it is actually a form of ___-_____________ learning.

Answer 12

pre-existing link between stimulus and behaviour
a form of non-associative learning

Question 13

Classical conditioning is when two ________ are paired to make a ________ ___________. Therefore one _________ predicts the other _________. The Conditioned response is ___________.

Answer 13

classical conditioning = pairing two stimuli to make an association or causal relationship
one stimulus predicts the other stimulus

Question 14

Instrumental conditioning occurs when a ___________ is paired with a _________ ___________. Therefore a ________ predicts the ____________. Responses are _________.

Answer 14

response paired with a stimulus outcome.
therefore a response predicts the stimulus
responses are voluntary

Question 15

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
give examples

Answer 15

positive punishment = add something (i.e the belt) to dec likelihood of behaviour
Neg punishment = take away something (i.e no phone) to dec likelihood of behaviour

Question 16

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Give examples

Answer 16

Positive Reinforcement = add something nice to inc behaviour (reward)
Negative reinforcement = do behaviour to avoid negative outcome

Question 17

What is one experimental design to used to test classical and instrumental conditioning?
A Shortbox autoforming
B Longbox autoforming
C Longbox autoshaping
D Shortbox autoshaping

Answer 17

C Longbox autoshaping

Question 18

3 key issues in creating instrumental and classical conditioning in animals is that you:
Can Control what response the animal does but cannot _______________________
Can Control which stimuli are paired but not ________________________
Can pair 2 stimuli but cannot ___________________________________

Answer 18

cannot make animal do response
cannot make animal experience stimuli
cannot control environmental/additional stimuli

Question 19

Omission training is when a behavior (innate, learned) _________ a good outcome, therefore an animal learns to _______ the behaviour.

Answer 19

Behaviour prevents good outcome so animal learns to omit behaviour