Classical conditioning (2)

Question 1

Associations are unlearned/innate when _____________________ automatically ______________________. It is important to distinguish unlearned links from _________ ____.

Answer 1

when experiencing stimulus automatically triggers a response
important difference between unlearned links/associations and conditioned/learned links/associations

Question 2

___ are essentially unlearned stimulus, as they elicit the ____. What is the example of this in Pavlov’s dogs???

Answer 2

UCS = unlearned stimulus, as they automatically trigger UCR
Example = Pavlov’s dogs, where food = UCS, and salivation = UCR

Question 3

UCS often elicit a response because they have a
A Temporal Value
B Emotional Value
C Monetary Value
D Motivational Value

Answer 3

D Motivational Value

Question 4

True or false, classical conditioning is a form of Stimulus response learning

Answer 4

False, the stimulus and the response are not directly associated. Th response is activated via a mental representation of the UCS.

Question 5

When two stimuli are paired in classical conditioning, experiencing the now conditioned stimulus activates a ______ __________ of both the _____ and the now ________ _____

Answer 5

conditioned stimulus activates mental representations of UCS and conditioned response

Question 6

In classical conditioning there are Pre-existing mental links and acquired mental links, what is the difference? And give an example

Answer 6

Pre - existing mental links are between UCS and UCR - i.e food and salivation
Acquired mental links are between CS and US - bell and food

Question 7

If an oven timer sound is a CS, a baked cupcake is a UCS, and mouth watering is the CR, how are these 3 related/activated in classical conditioning. Describe the process.

Answer 7

Cupcake has pre-existing link with mouth watering.
Introduce oven timer sound so it pairs with cupcake
Mental acquired link now between cupcake and oven alarm
Experiencing oven timer creates a mental image of cupcake, which therefore causes salivation.
Salivation only reached when oven timer activates mental image of cupcake.
Oven timer doesn’t cause mouth watering directly, indirectly through cupcake.

Question 8

The misconception that classical conditioning is stimulus response learning is based on principles by ____ and _______, who argued that all learning requires a ________ and a ________.

Answer 8

Hull and Thorndike thought that all learning requires a response and a reinforcer

Question 9

What is auto shaping (pigeon example) ?

Answer 9

When a pigeon automatically pecks when a CS object is associated with CR, even if pecking is not required for food.

Question 10

The conditioned response is so similar to the unconditioned response because the CS acts as a _________ for the UCS. Because of this the _______properties transfer from the ___ to the ____.

Answer 10

Substitute
Motivational properties then transfer from UCS to CS

Question 11

Evaluative conditioning is when what happens?

Answer 11

the properties of the UCS (UCR, motivation, feelings etc) transfer over to the CS

Question 12

What is an example of classical conditioning in day-to-day life?
A Advertising boards
B Magazine/newspaper adverts
C Television Adverts
D All of the above

Answer 12

D All of the above

Question 13

Second order conditioning occurs when a second ______ ______, predicts the original _____ ______, which predicts the __________ _______

Answer 13

second conditioned stimulus predicts original conditioned stimulus which predicts the UCS

Question 14

Sensory pre-conditioning can occur without an
A Unconditioned stimulus
B Conditioned stimulus
C Conditioned response
D Unconditioned response

Answer 14

D Occurs without an unconditioned response

Question 15

In second order conditioning the ______________ is associated with the ____and generalized to the ______ __ whereas in sensory preconditioning the _____ is generalized to the ___ and ______ ___

Answer 15

Second order - UCS associated with CS and generalized to CS2
Sensory preconditioning = CR generalized to CS and CS2

Question 16

In conditioning experiments where the reinforcer is food, this is called
A Appetitive conditioning
B Performative conditioning
C Motivational conditioning
D Formal conditioning

Answer 16

A Appetitive conditioning

Question 17

When the reinforcer is _________, such as in shock experiments, the conditioned response is typically ________, or a lack of response. Therefore instead of measuring lever pressing we measure the ________ of lever pressing. This is known as _________ ___________ _________ procedure.

Answer 17

when reinforcer = aversive, CR is freezing rather than a positive action.
therefore we measure the suppression of positive action
this is called Conditioned emotional response procedure

Question 18

What is the equation for suppression ratio

Answer 18

rate of responses during CS/ total rate of responses

*where total rate = rate of responses during CS + rate of responses before CS

Question 19

What does a lower suppression ratio, such as 0.1, typically indicate?
A The rat doesn’t care about the CS
B The rate likes the CS
C The rat is afraid of the CS
D None of the above

Answer 19

C The rat is afraid of CS, as responses have dropped

Question 20

With (appetitive) conditioning, the learning graph goes ____, however with suppressive conditioning, the learning graph goes _____.

Answer 20

Conditioning - graph goes up
suppressive conditioning, graph goes down

Question 21

In conditioning, extinction occurs when the CS (bell) is presented without the _____. This leads to a _______ in the CR.

Answer 21

extinction occurs when CS presented without the positive UCS, leading to a decrease in Conditioned response

Question 22

In suppressive conditioning, extinction occurs when the CS (tone) is presented without the ____. This leads to the ___________ ______ rising.

Answer 22

in suppressive, extinction = CS without the aversive UCS, leading to inc in suppression ratio

Question 23

True or false, after extinction, the CS US association fully disappears

Answer 23

false, it can recover

Question 24

The recovery of the CS UCS association after extinction is known as __________ _________

Answer 24

spontaneous recovery

Question 25

Conditioned inhibition is when the addition of a ____ _______ _______ with the original CS, predicts the omission of the ________ _________. The new stimulus now ________ the CS

Answer 25

Conditioned inhibition is when addition of new negative stimulus, with original CS, predicts the omission of the UCS.
new stimulus inhibits CS

Question 26

During extinction, the omission of the UCS does not eliminate ________ _______ but instead adds _______ _______, counteracting the original conditioning. The CS now predicts the _______ of the UCS

Answer 26

Omission of UCS does not eliminate original learning but adds inhibitory learning
CS now predicts Omission of UCS