Animal Reasoning and Social Learning (11,12) Flashcards
What is reasoning by analogy?
Give an example
A relationship between two objects can imply the same relationship between 2 other objects
I.e. a house to a person is a rabbit hole to a rabbit
Gillian et al (1981) tested analogy reasoning.
In the forced- choice task animals ________________________________
In the same -different task animals ______________________________
These tasks were mainly _____________
forced choice - animals had to add 1of 2 objects to make both sides equal
Same-different task animals had to say whether both sides were equal or different
tasks were mainly pereceptual
Sarah (animal) chose correctly on __/__ of forced-choice trials, and chose correctly on __/__ same-difference trials
Forced choice - 46/50 trials
Same-different task 26/36 trials
In the Gillian et al (1981) household objects task, the analogies were based on what?
analogies based on function/use - required memory
Gillian et al 1981 showed that Sarah got __/__ correct on household objects
15/18 on household
In Smirnova et al (2015) match-to-sample study, crows had to do what?
Had to do a relational match-to-sample - match card to sample based on relations
and an identity match-to-sample - match cards based on same identity
Smirnova et al (2015) match-to-sample study, which scores were better for both crows and amazon parrots, identity matching or relational matching?
Relational matching scores were better than identity matching for parrots and crows
Pepperberg et al (2021) tested if parrots could look at ___________ and __________ at the same time, at objects with multiple ________.
tested if parrots could look at differences and similarities at the same time, using objects with multiple features.
Pepperberg et al (2021) showed that Alex the Parrott could name the _________ _______ when shown two objects, which extended to more than one ________.
Alex the Parrot could name the differing feature between 2 pbjects
and name more than one differing feature with 2 objects
Pepperberg et al (2021) showed that Alex the Parrott performed at ___ accuracy when he had to name one differing feature, and ___ accuracy when there were 2 possible answers
Naming one differing feature 80% accuracy
when there were 2 possible answers - 90% accuracy
The Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study tested what ability?
A Conservation
B Transitive inference
C Reversibility
D Serialization
B Transitive inference
In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study, cylinders with more peanuts under are represented with a _ sign, and cylinders with no peanut under are represented with a _ sign.
peanut = +
no peanut = -
In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study if A is more than B, B is more than C, and C is more than D, then what will monkeys do if B and D are presented?
Decide that B is more valuable than B
In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study what is a possible reason that animals choose stimulus B over D, shown by Zentall and Sherburne (1994)?
That B is associated with high value stimulus A
That D is associated with low value stimulus E
Therefore B > D
Paz-y-Mino et al (2004) showed that Pinion jays need to use transitive inference to gain information _______ __________.
social dominance
Paz-y-Mino et al (2004) study showed that the experimental group, who viewed ___________________________, were more submissive than the control group, who viewed __________________________.
Experimental group viewed member of own group losing
more submissive than
Control group viewed member of other group losing
Heyes (1994) defines social learning as learning that is influenced by ___________ of or ________________ with other animals
learning influenced by observation of
or interaction with, other animals
Shettleworth argues that social learning requires an __________ and a __________. To qualify as ________ _______ and not facilitated or ________ behavior, the observers performance must _________________________________ with no presence from the ______________.
social learning requires an observer and a demonstrator
to qualify as social learning and not socially facilitated or elicited behavior, observer must perform behavior at a later time, away from presence or influence of demonstrator
What is social facilitation?
When a behavior is increased due to presence of others performing the same behavior - I.E other people doing weird gym exercise, you do gym exercise
Stimulus enhancement is the increase in __________ with an _________ due to presence or action of _________
Increase in tendency to interact with object due to presence or action of others
What is local enhancement?
Give an example
Increase in tendency to approach a location because of presence/action of others
Everyone’s going on holiday to Zante, we should go to Zante
Affordance learning is when we learn about what can be done with ___________________________________. This learning can occur without ________ __________. What is the squirrel example?
Affordance learning = learning about what can be done with objects/environment
Learning can occur without observing others
Squirrels can learn that a feeder can fall down without another squirrel causing it i.e. wind
Preferential learning is better than trial and error for food learning for what reason?
Getting something wrong in food trial and error learning can have bad consequences
Wrenn et al (2003) showed food preference learning in rats by doing what?
Observer watched demonstrator either eat cocoa or cinnamon
Observer then put in cage alone, and more likely to choose cued food i.e. the one that they saw demonstrator eating
In the Wrenn et al (2003) food preference study, _________ __________ was correlated with number of ________ of the demonstrators muzzle
amount consumed correlated with number of sniffs
Mineka and Cook (1988) showed observational fear learning in monkeys. The lab monkeys acted as _________, and the wild-reared monkeys acted as __________.
Lab monkeys = observers
Wild monkeys = demonstrators
What happened to the observer monkeys in Mineka and Cook (1988) after watching the wild demonstrator monkeys respond to snakes?
A Showed more avoidance behaviors of the snakes
B showed more fear behaviors of the snakes
C were more approaching to the snakes, and not fearful
D Both A and B
D Both A and B
Because the lab monkeys had never seen a snake, the snake was a ________ stimulus, shown by monkeys showing __ _______ to the snakes before observational conditioning
Neutral stimulus
shown as lab monkeys showing no fear to snakes before observational conditioning
In the Mineka and Cook (1988) monkey study, what was the UCS?
A The observer lab monkeys fear
B The snake
C The demonstrator wild monkeys fear
D none of the above
C the demonstrator wild monkeys fear
In the Mineka and Cook (1988) monkey study, after observational fear conditioning, the CS was the ______, and the CR was ______
CS = snake
CR = fear
Imitation is what?
Copying another behavior exactly to achieve the same goal
Emulation is when an _________ but not the _______ actions are produced for the same goal, or when the same action is reproduced for a _________ ______.
Emulation - an action but not same action produced but for same goal
or same action reproduced for a different goal
Heyes and Dawson (1990) used a __-________ task with what two main stages. to study social reinforcers?
Bi-directional task
Acquisition stage
Reversal learning stage
In the Heyes and Dawson bidirectional task, what are the 3 steps (explained) of the acquisition stage?
Observation - rats observe demonstrator pushing joystick to left or to right
Test - placed in box, any response reinforced
Results - left observers made more left pushes than right observers
In the reversal learning stage in the Heyes and Dawson bidirectional task, what occurred in training and how long did it last?
What occurred in demonstration?
What occurred in test?
What were the results?
What did this show?
Training - rats who pushed left reinforced, rats who pushed right reinforced - lasted for 4 days
Demonstration - observed demonstrator rat pressing either same lever as in training or different lever as in training
Test - only rewarded for pressing opposite direction to what they had been trained in
Results - rats that had watched demonstrator press opposing lever learned quicker (less responses to achieve reward) about opposing lever than rats who observed congruent lever
Response-reinforcer learning can occur by social means
Atkins and Zentall (1996) observed what 2 things in Japanese quail?
(observers)
Observers More likely to complete behavior using same body part as demonstrator (copy) than a different part
More likely to copy behavior when demonstrator gets a reward
In the Horner an Whiten (2005) chimps and children study, chimps and children observed demonstrators __________________________ but also perform ____________ tasks.
chimps observed demonstrators open a puzzle box but also perform unnecessary tasks
In the Horner an Whiten (2005) study, when the box was opaque both __________ and___________ performed the unnecessary sequence however when the box was transparent, only children ____________, whereas chimps did not ____________ ____________ ___________.
Opaque box - both chimps and children perform unnecessary behaviors
Transparent box - chimps emulate behavior, do not do unnecessary behavior, however children imitate still
In the Horner an Whiten (2005) study,
___________ is employed at the expense of __________ in children, whereas
___________ is employed at the expense of ______ ________ in chimps
Imitation done at expense of efficiency in children
Emulation done at expense of true copying in chimps
Over-imitation is the __________________________
= copying of irrelevant actions
Huber et al (2020) showed that dogs performed __________ actions m more when the demonstrator was the ________
dogs perform irrelevant actions more when demonstrator = owner
Caro and Hauser’s definition of learning contains what 3 premises
teacher must modify behavior in presence of naive observer
There is a cost to the teacher
Pupil/observer learns skill/acquires knowledge faster than it would’ve without teacher learning
An example of teaching young can be found in what mammal?
Meerkats teaching pups to avoid prey
In ants who show naive young where food is located, how are Caro and Hauser’s 3 premises of learning shown?
Modification - teacher runs slowly
Cost - runs are 4x slower for teacher, time cost
Skill acquisition -route is learned
