Animal Reasoning and Social Learning (11,12)

Question 1

What is reasoning by analogy?
Give an example

Answer 1

A relationship between two objects can imply the same relationship between 2 other objects
I.e. a house to a person is a rabbit hole to a rabbit

Question 2

Gillian et al (1981) tested analogy reasoning.
In the forced- choice task animals ________________________________
In the same -different task animals ______________________________
These tasks were mainly _____________

Answer 2

forced choice - animals had to add 1of 2 objects to make both sides equal
Same-different task animals had to say whether both sides were equal or different
tasks were mainly pereceptual

Question 3

Sarah (animal) chose correctly on __/__ of forced-choice trials, and chose correctly on __/__ same-difference trials

Answer 3

Forced choice - 46/50 trials
Same-different task 26/36 trials

Question 4

In the Gillian et al (1981) household objects task, the analogies were based on what?

Answer 4

analogies based on function/use - required memory

Question 5

Gillian et al 1981 showed that Sarah got __/__ correct on household objects

Answer 5

15/18 on household

Question 6

In Smirnova et al (2015) match-to-sample study, crows had to do what?

Answer 6

Had to do a relational match-to-sample - match card to sample based on relations
and an identity match-to-sample - match cards based on same identity

Question 7

Smirnova et al (2015) match-to-sample study, which scores were better for both crows and amazon parrots, identity matching or relational matching?

Answer 7

Relational matching scores were better than identity matching for parrots and crows

Question 8

Pepperberg et al (2021) tested if parrots could look at ___________ and __________ at the same time, at objects with multiple ________.

Answer 8

tested if parrots could look at differences and similarities at the same time, using objects with multiple features.

Question 9

Pepperberg et al (2021) showed that Alex the Parrott could name the _________ _______ when shown two objects, which extended to more than one ________.

Answer 9

Alex the Parrot could name the differing feature between 2 pbjects
and name more than one differing feature with 2 objects

Question 10

Pepperberg et al (2021) showed that Alex the Parrott performed at ___ accuracy when he had to name one differing feature, and ___ accuracy when there were 2 possible answers

Answer 10

Naming one differing feature 80% accuracy
when there were 2 possible answers - 90% accuracy

Question 11

The Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study tested what ability?

A Conservation
B Transitive inference
C Reversibility
D Serialization

Answer 11

B Transitive inference

Question 12

In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study, cylinders with more peanuts under are represented with a _ sign, and cylinders with no peanut under are represented with a _ sign.

Answer 12

peanut = +
no peanut = -

Question 13

In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study if A is more than B, B is more than C, and C is more than D, then what will monkeys do if B and D are presented?

Answer 13

Decide that B is more valuable than B

Question 14

In the Mcgonicle and Chalmers logical monkey study what is a possible reason that animals choose stimulus B over D, shown by Zentall and Sherburne (1994)?

Answer 14

That B is associated with high value stimulus A
That D is associated with low value stimulus E
Therefore B > D

Question 15

Paz-y-Mino et al (2004) showed that Pinion jays need to use transitive inference to gain information _______ __________.

Answer 15

social dominance

Question 16

Paz-y-Mino et al (2004) study showed that the experimental group, who viewed ___________________________, were more submissive than the control group, who viewed __________________________.

Answer 16

Experimental group viewed member of own group losing
more submissive than
Control group viewed member of other group losing

Question 17

Heyes (1994) defines social learning as learning that is influenced by ___________ of or ________________ with other animals

Answer 17

learning influenced by observation of
or interaction with, other animals

Question 18

Shettleworth argues that social learning requires an __________ and a __________. To qualify as ________ _______ and not facilitated or ________ behavior, the observers performance must _________________________________ with no presence from the ______________.

Answer 18

social learning requires an observer and a demonstrator
to qualify as social learning and not socially facilitated or elicited behavior, observer must perform behavior at a later time, away from presence or influence of demonstrator

Question 19

What is social facilitation?

Answer 19

When a behavior is increased due to presence of others performing the same behavior - I.E other people doing weird gym exercise, you do gym exercise

Question 20

Stimulus enhancement is the increase in __________ with an _________ due to presence or action of _________

Answer 20

Increase in tendency to interact with object due to presence or action of others

Question 21

What is local enhancement?
Give an example

Answer 21

Increase in tendency to approach a location because of presence/action of others
Everyone’s going on holiday to Zante, we should go to Zante

Question 22

Affordance learning is when we learn about what can be done with ___________________________________. This learning can occur without ________ __________. What is the squirrel example?

Answer 22

Affordance learning = learning about what can be done with objects/environment
Learning can occur without observing others
Squirrels can learn that a feeder can fall down without another squirrel causing it i.e. wind

Question 23

Preferential learning is better than trial and error for food learning for what reason?

Answer 23

Getting something wrong in food trial and error learning can have bad consequences

Question 24

Wrenn et al (2003) showed food preference learning in rats by doing what?

Answer 24

Observer watched demonstrator either eat cocoa or cinnamon
Observer then put in cage alone, and more likely to choose cued food i.e. the one that they saw demonstrator eating

Question 25

In the Wrenn et al (2003) food preference study, _________ __________ was correlated with number of ________ of the demonstrators muzzle

Answer 25

amount consumed correlated with number of sniffs

Question 26

Mineka and Cook (1988) showed observational fear learning in monkeys. The lab monkeys acted as _________, and the wild-reared monkeys acted as __________.

Answer 26

Lab monkeys = observers
Wild monkeys = demonstrators

Question 27

What happened to the observer monkeys in Mineka and Cook (1988) after watching the wild demonstrator monkeys respond to snakes?
A Showed more avoidance behaviors of the snakes
B showed more fear behaviors of the snakes
C were more approaching to the snakes, and not fearful
D Both A and B

Answer 27

D Both A and B

Question 28

Because the lab monkeys had never seen a snake, the snake was a ________ stimulus, shown by monkeys showing __ _______ to the snakes before observational conditioning

Answer 28

Neutral stimulus
shown as lab monkeys showing no fear to snakes before observational conditioning

Question 29

In the Mineka and Cook (1988) monkey study, what was the UCS?
A The observer lab monkeys fear
B The snake
C The demonstrator wild monkeys fear
D none of the above

Answer 29

C the demonstrator wild monkeys fear

Question 30

In the Mineka and Cook (1988) monkey study, after observational fear conditioning, the CS was the ______, and the CR was ______

Answer 30

CS = snake
CR = fear

Question 31

Imitation is what?

Answer 31

Copying another behavior exactly to achieve the same goal

Question 32

Emulation is when an _________ but not the _______ actions are produced for the same goal, or when the same action is reproduced for a _________ ______.

Answer 32

Emulation - an action but not same action produced but for same goal
or same action reproduced for a different goal

Question 33

Heyes and Dawson (1990) used a __-________ task with what two main stages. to study social reinforcers?

Answer 33

Bi-directional task
Acquisition stage
Reversal learning stage

Question 34

In the Heyes and Dawson bidirectional task, what are the 3 steps (explained) of the acquisition stage?

Answer 34

Observation - rats observe demonstrator pushing joystick to left or to right
Test - placed in box, any response reinforced
Results - left observers made more left pushes than right observers

Question 35

In the reversal learning stage in the Heyes and Dawson bidirectional task, what occurred in training and how long did it last?

What occurred in demonstration?

What occurred in test?

What were the results?

What did this show?

Answer 35

Training - rats who pushed left reinforced, rats who pushed right reinforced - lasted for 4 days

Demonstration - observed demonstrator rat pressing either same lever as in training or different lever as in training

Test - only rewarded for pressing opposite direction to what they had been trained in

Results - rats that had watched demonstrator press opposing lever learned quicker (less responses to achieve reward) about opposing lever than rats who observed congruent lever

Response-reinforcer learning can occur by social means

Question 36

Atkins and Zentall (1996) observed what 2 things in Japanese quail?
(observers)

Answer 36

Observers More likely to complete behavior using same body part as demonstrator (copy) than a different part

More likely to copy behavior when demonstrator gets a reward

Question 37

In the Horner an Whiten (2005) chimps and children study, chimps and children observed demonstrators __________________________ but also perform ____________ tasks.

Answer 37

chimps observed demonstrators open a puzzle box but also perform unnecessary tasks

Question 38

In the Horner an Whiten (2005) study, when the box was opaque both __________ and___________ performed the unnecessary sequence however when the box was transparent, only children ____________, whereas chimps did not ____________ ____________ ___________.

Answer 38

Opaque box - both chimps and children perform unnecessary behaviors
Transparent box - chimps emulate behavior, do not do unnecessary behavior, however children imitate still

Question 39

In the Horner an Whiten (2005) study,
___________ is employed at the expense of __________ in children, whereas
___________ is employed at the expense of ______ ________ in chimps

Answer 39

Imitation done at expense of efficiency in children
Emulation done at expense of true copying in chimps

Question 40

Over-imitation is the __________________________

Answer 40

= copying of irrelevant actions

Question 41

Huber et al (2020) showed that dogs performed __________ actions m more when the demonstrator was the ________

Answer 41

dogs perform irrelevant actions more when demonstrator = owner

Question 42

Caro and Hauser’s definition of learning contains what 3 premises

Answer 42

teacher must modify behavior in presence of naive observer

There is a cost to the teacher

Pupil/observer learns skill/acquires knowledge faster than it would’ve without teacher learning

Question 43

An example of teaching young can be found in what mammal?

Answer 43

Meerkats teaching pups to avoid prey

Question 44

In ants who show naive young where food is located, how are Caro and Hauser’s 3 premises of learning shown?

Answer 44

Modification - teacher runs slowly
Cost - runs are 4x slower for teacher, time cost
Skill acquisition -route is learned