Instrumental conditioning (3) Flashcards
Instrumental conditioning is the pairing of a ___________ with a ____, where the ___ has a pre-existing link to the UCR.
Pairing of response with UCS (where UCS has an outcome), with UCS pre-existing link to UCR
In classical conditioning, the experimenter makes the ___ happen, whereas in instrumental conditioning the experimenter cannot make the subject ________, it has to happen by itself. This is known as _______.
Classical = experimenter makes CS happen
Instrumental = experimenter cannot make Response happen
Shaping
What is the difference between shaping and autoshaping?
Autoshaping - occurs in CC, where animal pecks naturally to get food even if pecking isnt paired with food
Shaping - occurs in IC/OC, where animal learns that pecking leads to food outcome. .
What is a discriminative stimulus (Sd)?
Is it the same as a CS?
A stimulus tat occurs with the Response - UCS pairng, that sets the occasion. Is different from a CS.
Just as in classical conditioning, instrumental/operant conditioning can use what 2 types of UCS?
aversive - nasty - shock
appetitive - nice -food
What is an example(s) of instrumental conditioning experimental setups?
A Thorndike’s Puzzle box which he used to test cats
B Skinner’s Box
C Pavlov’s dogs
D Both A and B
D Both A and B
Which type (s) of conditioning is the learner in control?
A Instrumental
B Classical
C Operant
D Both A and C
D both A and C
Unlike classical conditioning, a _________ is necessary for operant conditioning
Response
What was Thorndike’s misconception about the law of effect in response stimulus learning?
He thought that the discriminative stimulus was learned about and what always elicit the CR, with the UCS as the glue. However, this may not happen if the subject is desensitized to the UCS
Thorndike’s idea of instrumental conditioning was that the we associated the ________ with the ________, where the ___ is irrelevant. This is a form of _______ learning.
Thorndike- thought that instrumental conditioning was pairing of Stimulus with Response, where UCS is irrelevant.
This is a form of habit learning
The revised/modern idea of instrumental conditioning is that we associate the ________ with the ____, where responding leads to a valuable outcome. This is a form of ____-________ learning.
Modern IC = associate response with stimulus because responding brings about good (or bad ) outcome.
Form of goal directed learning
Reinforcement can be positive: _________ ___________ _____, or negative: _________ __________ ___. Reinforcement always ________ a response.
Positive reinforcement = getting something nice
Negative reinforcement = omitting something bad
always increases a response
Punishment can also be positive: _________ ________ ___, or negative:_________ ________ _____. Punishment always ________ a response.
Positive punishment = getting something bad
negative punishment = omitting something nice
Punishment always decreases a response
Escape responses are rewarded as they ____________ the negative UCS.
Escape = reward, removal of bad UCS
How do avoidance and escape responses differ?
Escape responses remove the UCS once it has started - once they have been shocked they escape the shock.
Avoidance responses avoid the UCS all together, before it has even started
Avoidance responses can be learnt via ________ _________. Where a stimulus acts as a _______ _______for the unpleasant UCS.
Avoidance responses can be learnt via classical conditioning
stimulus acts as a warning signal
What are the 3 types of avoidance beahviours?
Active
Passive
Signalled
In passive avoidance a rat must ________________________ to avoid the shock, whereas in active avoidance, a rat must ____________________ to avoid the shock.
passive avoidance - rat must remain to avoid a shock
active - rat must move elsewhere to avoid shock
Which type of avoidance uses an explicit (or implicit) signal for the aversive stimulus (shock)?
A Active avoidance
B Passive avoidance
C Signalled avoidance
D All of the above
C Signaled avoidance
What is Sidman avoidance (an example)?
Where aversive stimulus occurs at fixed intervals called shock shock intervals (every 10 seconds) and rat must respond to avoid it, where each response delays the stimulus by a fixed interval (shock-response interval)
In Kamin’s (1956) experiment on avoidance responses, which group had the most amount of avoidance responses/best learning rate?
A The group where responses terminated the buzzer, and avoided the shock
B The group where responses avoided the shock, but didn’t terminate the buzzer
C Th group where responses terminated the buzzer but didnt avoid the shock
D The group where responses didn’t terminate the buzzer or avoid the shock
A The group where responses terminated the voidance signal of the buzzer as well as the aversive stimulus shock
Kamin’s study on avoidance responses showed that learning about avoidance responses is best when?
The response terminates the avoidance signal as well as the aversive stimulus.
Avoidance responses act as a _________ __________, where they cancel the expected __________ UCS.
Avoidance responses act as a conditioned inhibitor, cancelling the expected unpleasant UCS
Avoidance responses have a __________ value, where responding omits something ___________, which equates to a reward.
avoidance responses have a motivational value, where responding omits something unpleasant = reward
Avoidance responses can be very persistent, where even after the shock is cancelled, one dog jumped for ____ times each time the avoidance signal occurred.
490 times
Why don’t avoidance responses extinguish after the signal-shock pairing stops occurring?
because the avoidance responses act as a conditioned inhibitor
Extinction of a fear response to a ____, can be slower, when there is a _______ _________ which protects the CS from extinguishing the CR.
unpleasant UCS
conditioned inhibitor
Avoidance responses can be relevant in helping understand
A Anxiety disorders
B Phobias
C OCD
D All of the above
D all of the above
Avoidance responses con occur initially to avoid something ___________. Avoidance responses _______ even when there is no longer anything ________ to avoid.
avoidance responses initially occur to avoid something unpleasant
responses persist even when there is nothing unpleasant to avoid
Appetitive reinforcement has different schedules: when a reward given for every response this is called __________ __________. When a reward is given for only some responses this is called _______ __________.
continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement
If a response is rewarded at different time points, this is known as an _________ schedule
interval
Interval schedules can be fixed, which is when a response is rewarded _______________, or variable, when a response is rewarded at __________________________.
Fixed reward intervals - response rewarded on time at fixed intervals.
Variable reward intervals, on average response rewarded at similar time but can vary
In a fixed interval schedule, responses occur __________________, whereas in variable schedules responses occur at ___ but ______ rates.
fixed interval = responses occur near time of reward
variable interval responses are slow but steady
Responses can also be rewarded after number of responses, known as a ______ schedule. These schedules can also be _______ or ________.
Responses rewarded after number of responses = ratio schedule
can be fixed or variable
What as the term for when reward response pairings are accidental, with no reliaible relationship?
A Superficial behaviour
B Delusional behaviour
C Superstitious behaviour
D Undetermined Behaviour
C Superstitious behavior
