Context and State dependent memory (17,18) Flashcards
To influence performance, info must be _________________
A Forgotten
B Lost
C Emotional
D Remembered
D Remembered
What stimuli/material did Ebbinghaus use in his memory studies?
Nonsense syllables i.e DUT, BAH, NIN
In the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, forgetting is initially ______, but eventually _______ ___ and levels off.
Forgetting initially rapid
Eventually slows down and levels off
Hendersen (1985) showed in his fear conditioned licking procedure, that rats maintained what?
Still maintained their fear response after 60 days - fear response almost the same as day 1
Regardless of US ontensity
Hendersen, (1978), showed that whilst ___________fear conditioning remains after 60 days, ___________ learning is forgotten around ____ days. This was shown when upon testing the combo of the _____________ _______ and the CS still leads to ______ response
Whilst fear conditioning remains after 60 days
Inhibitory learning forgotten around 60 days
Combo of Conditioned inhibitor with CS still leads to fear response
In avoidance response learning, where a CS ______ a shock, forgetting occurs 3 days later, unless a __________ is given. Reminders were more effective the _______ they are given prior to testing.
avoidance response learning - where CS predicts a shock, forgetting occurs 3 days later unless a reminder is given.
Reminders most effective when closest to test procedure.
Gordon et al showed that reminders given ____ hours prior to the test were ineffective, however, reminders given ____ minutes prior to the test were most effective, increasing the __________ response.
reminders 72 hours prior to test were ineffective to elciting avoidance response
Reminders 10 min prior to test most effective
Deweer and Sara (1984) used a _________ maze to study the effectiveness of reminders on ___________.
used a Krechevsky maze to test effect of reminders on performance
Deweer and Sara (1984) tested rats ___ days after initial training, and found that performance was best using a reminder ____ seconds prior to the test.
Tested rats after 25 days
found that performance was best when reminder given 90 seconds prior to the test
Studies into reminders by Deweer and Sara, and Gordon et al suggest what about memory?
A Memories decay given time
B Memories are always lost
C Memories can be retrieved given reminders
D Both A and C
D both A and C
What are the 2 main theories of forgetting?
Trace decay theory
Interference theory
What does trace decay theory suggest about memory formation and forgetting?
Learning and storage reflected by physical changes in the brain - connections made
In absence of rehearsal, connections decay/become weaker until trace disappears
True or false, trace decay theory can account for reminders/ cue retrieval
False
Trace decay theory is based on whos rule of learning?
A Skinner
B Pavlov
C Hebb
D Thorndike
C Hebb
What are the 3 main premises of Interference theory? (McGeoch, 1932)
Human memory is associative so recall is guided by cues associated with memory formation
Due to many memories multiple items may become associated with the same cue
Memories can be interfered by other memories/associations formed before or after
Proactive interference is when ____________________________________________________________
Proactive = when you are trying to ACTIVATE a newer memory and older memories interfere. The older memory proactively interferes and goes forward in time.
Retroactive interference is when _____________________________________________
Retroactive = when you are trying to ACTIVATE older memory and a newer one interferes. The newer memory retroactively interferes and goes back in time
What are the 3 main implications of interference theory?
memories can be ‘forgotten’ without being lost
Cues help trigger memory, so has an associative base
Forgetting mainly due to interference
Marcel Proust’s anecdote regarding the smell of ________ and feeling of _________, explains the principles of association
Smell of varnish and feeling of sadness explains principles of association
During learning, stimulus __ + stimulus __ leads to the thought of what stimulus _ brings about
(CS+US —> UR)
Stmulus A + Stmulus B leads to what Stimulus B brings about
After learning, stimulus __ alone can lead to the thought of stimulus __, even when stimulus __ isn’t present
(CS —–> CR
Stimulus A leads to thought of stimulus B even when stimulus B not present
What type of design did the Godden and Baddeley scuba diver study use? What were the results?
cross-over study using learning in one environment and recall in a different
where environments underwater and on land were uses
Land learning -> land recall best
Water learning -> water recall
Land learning-> water recall
Water learning-> land recall worst
Godden and Baddeleys scuba diver study is an example of _________ _______ ________.
Context dependent memory
Apart from dry vs wet (Godden and Baddeley) what are 2 other ways environmental context can be altered?
Odors - such as children’s toys, mothballs, baby powder, museum smell
Music
Tulving and Thompsons (1973) Encoding specificity principle (ESP) says that_____________ in ______________ provides a ________ _________ that can be used as a _______ in ________
Encoding in context provides a memory trigger that can be used as a cue in retrieval
Effective cues enable the ___________ __ _____that wouldn’t have been _____________ under ___-_____ ______ conditions
Effective cues enable the retrieval of items that wouldn’t have been retrieved under the non-cued recall conditions
Parker al 2001 used the smells of __________ and ___________ to show the effectiveness of ___________ contexts used as ______ in retrieval
lemon and lavender smells to show effectiveness of smell contexts used as cues in retrieval
Cassaday et al (2002) used a crossover design to test the affects of relaxed vs standard environments on memory/problem solving tasks
What were the 2 different environments – how many different cue-recall environments were used?
What 3 different tasks were used?
What were the findings?
Relaxed - relaxed
standard-relaxed
relaxed-standard
standard-standard
Free recall, cued recall, problem solving
Relaxed-relaxed condition best for cued and free recall - other environments bad
However for problem solving, standard-standard environments the best
Mood is a __________ but relatively ________and pervasive ___________ ______.
Mood is a temporary but relatively sustained affective pervasive state
Bower et al used what technique ton induce happy and sat mood states?
A Therapy
B Reminder of childhood memories
C Hypnosis
D Pain/pleasure stimuli
C Hypnosis
Bower et al also used a _____-_____ design to test recall in happy and sad states.
Cross-over design
Bower had participants learn 2 lists, followed by a test, so there as a state elicited at ______ _, at ______ _ and at __________. However his results suggested that ________ did not alter recall.
State elicited at list 1, list 2 and at testing
mood did not alter recall
The anecdote from Dr Abel describes what story about the drunk postman?
Got drunk, lost parcel
when sober, unable to remember it
Got drunk again, could remember
Overton (1964) induced a drug state in rats by using sodium pentobarbital, which caused dissociated learning in _-_____ unavoidable shock task.
Overton used sodium pentobarbital to induce dissociated learning in T-Maze task
Overton (1964) found that info learnt in the ______ ______ does not _______ to the non drug state. However, learning can be ____________ upon re-entering the _____ ______
Learning in drug state doesn’t carry over to non-drug state
However learning can be reactivated upon re-entering drug state
Bouton et al showed that drugged rats on _________ medication who experienced conditioning then extinction learning did what when sober?
drugged rats on anxiety medication
They forgot their extinction learning when tested sober
much less freezing than non drugged rats
Ramanathan et al showed that state dependence can also be induced using what method?
Intracerebral activation/stimulation
Ramanathan et al used a cross-over design, injecting either __________ or __________ in learning trials and retrieval. They found a state _____________, where injection of ________ had an __________ effect on the nucleus ________
Injected either Muscimol or saline
found context dependence where muscimol-muscimol trials
muscimol had an inactivation effect on nucleus reunions
Goodwin et al found a state dependency effect using _________
A Alcohol
B Crack
C Sugar
D Heroin
A Alcohol
Eich et al found a state dependence effect using __________, but only when there were no _________ cues.
Context dependence using marijuana, but only when there were no external cues
Hurst and Bustamante found mixed evidence on the state dependence of
A Amphetamine
B Methamphetamine
C Heroin
D Cocaine
A Amphetamine
Carter and cassaday dound a mild state dependence using ___________ medication
A Depression
B Anxiety
C Allergy
D Diabetes
C Allergy
Eich carried out a review of state dependency effects and found what three things?
State dependency effects were not reliable/consistent
Deep processing congruent states better predictor of free recall than shallow recall
state dependence more of an effect on free recall than cued recall
Eich et al found that __% of studies that showed state dependency used free-recall tasks, and ___% of studies that showed no state dependency used cued recall/recognition tasks
88% of successful studies used free recall tasks
90% of unsuccessful studies used cued recall/recognition tasks
