Thyroid Workbook Flashcards
Calcitonin
thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level
euthyroid
refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland
hyperthyroidism
over secretion of thyroid hormones
hypophosphatasia
low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism
hypothyroidism
undersecretion of thyroid hormones
isthmus
small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobe of the gland
parathyroid hormone
hormone secreted by by parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium levels
longus colli muscle
wedge shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
pyramidal lobe
present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus
serum calicum
laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism
sternocleidomastoid muscle
large muscle anterolateral to thyroid
strap muscle
group of three musles (sternothyroid, sternohyiod, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid
TSH
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4
brachial cleft cyst
remnant of embryonic development that appears as acyst in the neck
fine needle aspiration
use of a fine gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass
hyperparathyroidism
disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually cause by a benign parathyroid adenoma
lymphadenopathy
disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels
primary hyperparathyroidism
oversecretiong of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma
parathyroid hyperplasia
enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands
secondary hyperparathyroidism
enlargement of parathyroid gland in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency
adenoma
benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation
anaplastic carcinoma
rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age
follicular carcinoma
occurs as a solitay malignant mass within the thyroid gland
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present
Grave’s Disease
Autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue
medullary carcinoma
Neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies
mirocalcification
tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow
multinodular goiter
nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism
nodular hyperplasia
degenerative nodules withing the thyroid
papillary carcinoma
most common form of thyoird malignancy
subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis
viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and ______ vein.
carotid; jugular
Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the _____ muscles,including the sternothyoird, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid.
strap
The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.
posterior
The parathyroid glands are the _________ organs in the body.
calcium-sensing
The parathyroid glands produce _____ and monitor the serum calcium feed back mechanism.
PTH
When the serum calcium level ______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.
decrease
PTH acts on _____, ______, and intestine to enchance calcium absorption.
bone; kidneys
Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ________, hypercalciuria, and low levels of phosphate.
hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increase amounts of PTH are produced by an _______ primary hyperplasia, or rarely carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.
adenoma
A chronic hypocalceia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), pr malabsorption syndromes is _______ hyperparathyroidism
secondary
The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ________, ________, and ________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.
metabolism; growth; development
Theses homormones include _______, _____, and ______
T3; T4; Calcitonin
The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ____ metabolism.
iodine
When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is not the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (_____), which is produced by the pituitary gland.
TSH
The secretion of TSH is regulated by hypothyroid-releasing factor, which is produced by the _______.
pituitary gland
The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by _____, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.
Calcitonin
Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either _______, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.
hypothyroidism
The metabolic rate is dramatically increase _______, clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive, sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations and many patients show sings of exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
hyperthyroidism
How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by __________.
nuclear medicine
An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a _______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.
goiter
One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is _________.
multinodular goiter
____________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestation (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).
Grave’s Disease
A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is an ______.
adenoma
The most common of the thyroid malignancies is ____________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.
papillary cancer
The normal glad has a fine _______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structures.
homogenous
A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a ________ texture with a central core echo complex.
homogeneous
The __________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.
longus colli
