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ABD class 2 > Study guide for breast/scrotal > Flashcards

Study guide for breast/scrotal Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Three layers of the breast
A

mammary layer, retromammary layer, subcutaneous layer

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2
Q
  1. Functional portion of the breast consists of how many lobes
A

15 - 20

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3
Q
  1. What is the fibrosis skeletal muscle that maintains the breast
A

Coopers Ligament

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4
Q
  1. As a women ages glandular breast tissue is replaced with what
A

Fat (JL PG 553)

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5
Q
  1. Describe cooper ligaments what it looks like under US
A

Echogenic (JL p 552)

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6
Q
  1. Describe songoragphic of the retromamorary layer
A

thin and consist of fat surrounded by connective tissue septa

the fatty tissue appears hypoechoic and the ducts, glands, and supporting ligaments appear echogenic

(MW pg. 550)

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7
Q
  1. What are the most important signs that a lesion is cystic
A

smooth walls, anechoic, posterior enhancement good through transmission

(MW breast slide #6)

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8
Q
  1. If a patient has clinically findings of lumpy bumpy painful breasts with their monthly cycles
A

Fibrocystic condition (EG pg 574)

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9
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of a papilloma
A
  • Bloody discharge from single duct
  • Tiny papilloma may not be detected
  • May cause dilatation of a single duct
  • arise from lining of breast ducts, retroareolar area most common
  • Intracystic papillomas- soft tissue mass growing into lumen of cystic lesion
  • May cause skin dimpling and retraction

(MW breast slide #11)

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10
Q
  1. What is the most common solid benign tumor of the breast
A

fibroadenoma

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11
Q
  1. What is the sonographic characteristics of fibroadenoma?
A 
Smooth, rounded margins
low level homogeneous internal echoes
posterior enhancement
typically hypoechoic but can be hyperechoic because of the fat within the breast 
(JL pg 5765)
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12
Q
  1. Lymphatic drainage usually flows to what lymph nodes
A

Axillary (JL pg 554)

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13
Q
  1. Most common malignant neoplasm Breast
A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (JL pg 578)

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14
Q
  1. Describe findings of the breast carcinoma
A

attenuation of sound
irregular borders
inhomogenous low level internal echo patterns with calcification

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15
Q
  1. Skin rippling what does that suggest
A

retraction of the tissue secondary to tumor infiltration

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16
Q
  1. Primary purpose of breast screening
A

provides early detection of breast carcinoma

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17
Q
  1. Know the clock face
A

Mid portion of rt medial and Lt lateral breast is annotated 3:00

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18
Q
  1. Most common of clinical signs of breast cancer is what
A

Palpable lump

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19
Q
  1. Normal extension of breast tissue into the axillary region
A

tail of spence

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20
Q
  1. According of ACS should began mamo screening at what age
A

40

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21
Q
  1. Which one of the following of the arteries responsible to supply more then half of the breast
A

anterior perforating branches of the internal mammary gland (JL pg 553) (internal mammary supplies have the blood supply to the breast)

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22
Q
  1. A condition when a male has breast?
A

gynecomastia (MW pg 556 and google)

23
Q
  1. Appearance of breast cancer under US
A

Irregular margins and taller than wide

24
Q
  1. US is often a benefit for procedures except what
A

large core needle biopsy of calcification

25
Q
  1. Be able to answer/ ultrasound is exam of choice if your pregnant or at an younger age and have a family history/ not a mamogram
A

??

26
Q
  1. Know other modalities that are used besides US for the breast and why would we use one of the other
A

Ultrasound of the breast is often performed as an
adjunctive imaging tool in all of the following situations

a. To assess a smooth mammographic mass as cystic or solid
b. To further evaluate a palpable breast lump in a patient with very dense breast tissue and a negative mammogram
c. To further evaluate a palpable breast lump in a patient with breast implants

27
Q
  1. If you see a smooth mass on a mammogram and they want correlating images on US what do you think you’re going to see
A

Anechoic cyst with posterior acoustic enhancement

28
Q
  1. What are advantages of breast US over mammography
A

Differentiation of cystic versus solid smooth masses

More comfortable examination for the patient

Better visualization of juxtathoracic deep tissues

Can better evaluate those hard-to-reach places, such as parasternal tissues and axilla, not well seen on mammography.

29
Q
  1. What is the diameter of a varicocele
A

> 2mm (MW pg 619)

30
Q
  1. What is the fibrous capsule surrounding the testicle
A

tunica albuginea

MW pg 606

31
Q
  1. Normal measurements
A

Testis
3-5 cm in length
2-4 cm in width
3 cm in height

epididymis
6-7 cm

(MW pg 604)

32
Q
  1. Sonographic characteristics of a testicle
A

smooth, medium gray structures with fine echo texture
(MW pg 605)
Homogeneous pattern with medium level echos

33
Q
  1. What is the linear strip that is echogenic that runs through the testies
A

MEDIASTINUM TESTIS

MW slide 10

34
Q
  1. Normal location of the epidymsis
A

beginning superiorly and then coursing posterolateral to the testis (MW)

35
Q
  1. What are the facts about undescended testies
A
  • AKA cryptorchidism if bilateral in 10% to 25% of cases
  • testis has not descended into the scrotum and cannot be brought into the scrotum w/ external manipulation
  • may be located in the ABD, inguinal canal (80%), or other ectopic location
  • usually in premature babies cause balls descend in late pregnancy
  • 40% to 50% association with cancer
  • orchiopexy is surgical treatment
  • if orchiopexy is not performed more likely to cause: spermatogensis and result in infertility, testicular cancer because they are not easily palpated so the lump may not be detected soon enough, testicular torsion

(MW pg 628)

36
Q
  1. The most common of acute scrotal pain at an young age
A

Torsion (EG pg 617)

37
Q
  1. Some common causes for hydro seals
A
  • idiopathic but associated with epididymo-orchitis and torsion
  • may also be found in patients following trauma or development of a neoplasm

(MW pg 621)

38
Q
  1. Make sure you know about varicoceles
A
  • tortuous dilated veins
  • increased size w/ valsalva maneuver or patient standing
  • dilated veins fill w/ color on valsalva
  • spectral doppler confirms venous flow
  • an abnormal dilatatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus
  • usually caused by incompetent venous valves in the spermatic vein called primary varicoceles, more common in the left

(MW, lots more info on pg 619)

39
Q
  1. Know what part of the epydimisis the spermato seal is located
A

in the head (MW pg 614)

40
Q
  1. Common cause for scrotal pain in adults
A

EPIDIDYMITIS

MW slide 38

41
Q
  1. Almost always transpires with epdymsis

The question I have is…..transpires 2nd to epididamitis (MW)

A

Orchitis (pg 615)

42
Q
  1. Tuburlar ectastia
A

uncommon, benign condition

associated with presence of spermatocele, epididymal or testicular cyst, or other epididymal obstruction on the same side of the dilated tubules

more commonly seen in patients 45 or older

appears as prominent hypoechic channels near the echogenic mediastinum testis

(MW pg 624)

43
Q
  1. What is seminoma what does it look like under US
A

hypoechoic lesion
smooth
well defined borders

(MW pg 626)

44
Q
  1. Epdydimal orchiatisis is most commonly results from what/ trauma bladder infection or STDs
A

most commonly results from the spread of a lower urinary tract infection via the spermatic cord

less common:
mumps, syphilis, tuberculosis, viruses, trauma, chemical causes

(MW pg 615)

45
Q
  1. Clinical history of vasectomy is associated with what
A

Sperm granuloma

46
Q
  1. Primary blood supply to the testicals
A 
testicular artery (primary  source, arise from AO just below the renal arteries pg 606)
capsular artery
centripetal artery
recurrent rami
(MW ph 607)
47
Q
  1. Intra testicular cyst have association with what
A

extratesticular spermatoceles (MW pg 624)

48
Q
  1. Microthiliaiss is associated with what
A

testicular malignancy (MW pg 625)

49
Q
  1. Follow up examination for patients with microlithiasis is
A

annual (MW pg 625)

50
Q
  1. Attached at the superior pole of the testie between the epydimsis and testie is what structure/ we have an organ that is named this as well (APPENDIX)
A

appendix testis (MW pg 605)

51
Q
  1. Hydro seal develops between what layers of the scrotum
A

Visceral and Parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

MW pg 620

52
Q
  1. What is the location of rete testies
A

hilum of the balls where the mediastinum resides

MW pg 623

53
Q
  1. Be able describe the echogenicity difference between testies and epydymisis
A

balls- smooth, medium gray structures with fine echo texture

epididymis- isoechoic or hypoechoic compared to the balls and the echo texture is coarser

(MW pg 605)

ABD class 2 (19 decks)

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