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ABD class 2 > Common Small Parts Pathology Test > Flashcards

Common Small Parts Pathology Test Flashcards

1
Q

appearance of benign lesions of the breast

A

smooth rounded edges do not invade surrounding tissue rounded or oval long axis parallel to the chest wall isoechioc with normal breasat tissue

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2
Q

appearance of malignant lesions of the breast

A

irregular walls often spiculated margins which are finger like extensions extending out in numerous directions from the mass disrupt normal breast tissue and cause nipple retraction and skin dimpling due to pulling on coopers ligament sharp angular margins microlobulations taller tan wide hypoechoic with weak internal echoes

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3
Q

most common benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma growth stimulated with estrogen develop due to failure of the fibrous and epithelial cells to regress during the 2nd 1/2 of the menstrual cycle

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4
Q

appearance of fibroadenoma

A

large rounded lobulations oval, homogenious, wider than tall

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5
Q

appearance of malignant lymph node

A

changes from oval to round echogenic hilum becomes more difficult to detect same shape when you turn on it

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6
Q

most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

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7
Q

graves disease affects

A

women over 30

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8
Q

appearance of graves disease

A

hypoechoic gland with diffuse enlargement no discrete nodules intense color doppler-thyroid storm inferno

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9
Q

patient with graves disease

A

bulging eyes agitation weight loss

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10
Q

treatment of graves disease

A

radioactive ablation with lifelong supplements of sinthroid

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11
Q

most common form of thyroiditis

A

hashimoto’s disease

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12
Q

hashimoto’s disease

A

affects middle aged women autoimmune disorder

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13
Q

appearance of hashimoto’s disease

A

enlarged homogeneous hypoechic thyroid texture discrete nodules less common acute stage has less vascularity chronic stage will have increased color doppler when TSH elevates atrophic stage depicts small, heterogeneous gland that is hypovasvular

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14
Q

appearance of thyroid adenoma

A

variable size homogenous not necessarily associated with thyroid enlargement range from anechoic to hyperechoic commonly have a peripheral halo hyperfunctioning adenomas can have increased blood flow

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15
Q

appearance of mutinodular goiter (nodular hyperplasia)

A

variable sonographic appearance, usually enlarged, irregular, nodular, heterogeneous,and often not symmetrical most have similar appearance to thyroid adenomas, including halos and homogenous echogenicity nodules may also have cystic areas, calcifications an colloid cyst formation

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16
Q

most common thyroid abnormality

A

nodular hyperplasia (multinodular goiter)

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17
Q

most common benign tumor of the liver

A

cavernous hemangioma usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally

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18
Q

appearance of cavernous hemangioma

A

hyperechoic and typically has posterior enhancement usually the right lobe and near the dome

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19
Q

2nd most common benign mass of the liver

A

focal nodular hyperplasia women under 40 and asymptomatic

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20
Q

appearance of focal nodular hyperplasia

A

most in right lobe hyper to iso echoic many have central scar

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21
Q

an acguired diffuse disorder resulting in an accumulation of triglycerides with the hepatocytes

A

fatty liver/fatty sparing

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22
Q

appearance of fatty liver/fatty sparing

A

not always uniform and can present focal fatty liver (patchy distibution) focal sparing (mass like hypoechoic regions in and echogenic liver) often near the GB @ the porta hepatis, caudate lobe, and left lobe

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23
Q

most important in making diagnosis of fatty liver

A

liver echogenicity compared to right kidney

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24
Q

congenital varient of liver

A

riedels lobe

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25
Q

appearance of riedels lobe

A

anterior projection of the liver extending to near the iliac crest not merely an elongated inferior posterior segment extending over the right kidney

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26
Q

most common cancerous mass of the liver

A

metastatic disease

27
Q

metastatic disease of the liver most commonly from

A

GI including GB and pancreas, breast, and lung

28
Q

appearance of metastatic disease of liver

A

hyperechoic, hypoechoic, bulls eye, calcified, cystic, diffuse

29
Q

primary metastatic desease of the liver

A

hepatocellular carcinoma common in men associated with w/ chronic cirrhosis and Hep B and C

30
Q

appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

isoechoic with halo, cotton balls, or can loot like lots of cysts

31
Q

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

32
Q

appearance of ascites

A

echo free fluid regions indented and shaped by the surrounding organs 1st fills pouch of douglas before is ascend to the paracolic gutters, major flow from the pelvis is via the right side small bowel loops sink and float within the fluid

33
Q

occur in 5% of people over the age 50 often seen in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney desease

A

hepatic cysts or liver cysts (IDK)

34
Q

appearance of liver cyst

A

smooth, thin, well defined walls round or oval anechoic increased posterior enhancement (though transmission) single or numerous

35
Q

irregular, hypoechoic lesion, dilated pancreatic duct, liver and para-aortic nodes

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma most often in head and usually cause obstruction of CBD, GB, and hydrops and jaundice

36
Q

symptoms of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

A

ABD pain back pain painless jaundice weight loss

37
Q

pancreas appears inflamed and releases enzymes into the surrounding pancreatic tissue. Hypoechoic and edematous with irregular borders. Pancreatic duct may become enlarged

A

acute pancreatitis

38
Q

pancreas appears hyperechoic with echogenic foci andomly dispersed throughout the gland

A

chronic pancreatitis

39
Q

an accumulation of pancreatic fluid and necrotic debris confined by the retroperitoneum

A

pseudocysts

40
Q

common causes of pseudocysts

A

acute pancreatitis chronic panreatitis pancreatic trauma pancreatic ductal obstruction pancreatic neoplasms

41
Q

most common cause for pseudocysts in children

A

ABD trauma

42
Q

focal lesions in the spleen resulting from previous infections

A

splenic calcifications (granulomatous infection)

43
Q

appearance of granulomatous infection (splenic calcifications)

A

bright echogenic lesions with or without shadowing

44
Q

most common cause of spenic calcifications (granulomatous infections)

A

tuberculosis and histoplasmosis

45
Q

common congenital anomaly of the spleen

A

accessory spleen

46
Q

appearance of accessory spleen

A

well circumcised typically rounded and isoechoic with the spleen typically found at the lower splenic pole or near the hilum

47
Q

priminent infolding of the renal cortex which indents the renal medullary. Columns have an echogenicity similar to renal paenchyma and are continous with the renal cortex. Do not distort the renal cortex

A

column of bertin

48
Q

bulge of the renal cortex that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney. more often on the left than the right. identical echogenicity as renal corted and can mimic a cortical tumor. Cortical border is intact and hump will contain normal appearing pyramid structures. Little bit of fat in hump

A

dromedary hump

49
Q

developmental varient seen more in children and sometimes in adults. Typical smooth cortical border appears indented or undulated between the calyces, giving the kidney surface a lobulated appearance. Cortical borders are still intact and parenchymal thickness is uniform through kidney. Cases of renal scarring and/or insufficiency will demonstrate cortical thinning

A

fetal lobulation

50
Q

on both the long and transverse images the central renal sinus appears as two echogenic regions that are separated by a cleft or normal renal tissue. On continuous transverse imaging one image will appear to have no central medullary tissue only parenchymal tissue.

A

duplex collecting system

51
Q

triangular echogenic area in the upper pole of renal cortex. Not to be confused with angiomyolipoma which is a round echogenic parenchymal mass found anywhere within the renal parenchyma

A

junctional defect

52
Q

renal pelvis portion of the collecting system extends outside of the confines of the central renal sinus. Appears as a central cystic area that is either partially or entirely beyond the confines of the kidney

A

extrarenal pelvis

53
Q

most common renal problem

A

nephrolithiasis (kidney stone) more common in men

54
Q

appearance of nephrolithiasis

A

echogenic foci with posterior acoustic shadowing stones within the cortex are easier to distinguish than stones within the medullary and prominent renal sinus. Fat with weak shadowing can mimic stones

55
Q

Smooth thin well defined walls round or oval anechoic (low level echoes = artifact Vs pathology) increases posterior acoustic enhancement can be single or numerous, found anywhere in the kidney (exophoc, parenchymal, or medullary

A

simple cortacle renal cyst

56
Q

cysts within the renal collecting system (medullary)

A

parapelvic cysts

57
Q

appearance of parapelvic cysts

A

anechoic cyst located in the renal hilum will distort the renal sinus fat and does not communicate with the collecting system well defined but will have irregular borders caused from the compression of the adjacent renal sinus structures enlarge and cause renal obstruction

58
Q

fluid filled separation of the renal sinus with an appearance that conforms to the calyces and renal

A

obstructive hydornephrosis

59
Q

3 grades of obstructive hydronephrosis

A

1 small separation or splaying of the calyces 2 fluid extends into the major and minor calyces, bear claw effect, with minimal thinning of the cortex 3 massive dilation of the renal pelvis with significant loss of renal cortex

60
Q

criteria for differentiating hydro from para pelvic cysts

A

renal dilation must have connecting calyces to by hydro important to follow the renal dilation as distal as possible in an attempt to determine the cause and location of the hydro

61
Q

dilation of the renal sinus and pelvis without an actual blockage of the flow of urine into the bladder

A

nonobstructive hydronephrosis

62
Q

common causes of nonobstructive hydronephrosis

A

an overly distended bladder UTI or extrinsic blockage of the ureters and or bladder from retroperitoneal adenopathy pelvic masses/uterine fibroids pregnancy enlarged prostate

63
Q

what should you do when a dilation is noted

A

check for bilateral ureteral jets

ABD class 2 (19 decks)

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