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Thyroid Hormones HW Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The thyroid gland is located inferior to the __________ and anterior to the _____________

A

larynx, trachea

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2
Q

The hypothalamic pituitary axis for thyroid hormone is the hypothalamus secretes _________ which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _________ which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4

A

TRH, TSH

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3
Q

The primary function of thyroid hormone is to ____________ metabolic rate of body

A

increase

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4
Q

The final product of thyroid hormone synthesis during a cycle is approx _______ thyroxine and ________ triiodothyronine

A

93%, 7%

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5
Q

The storage form of thyroid hormone is _______ and the bioactive form of thyroid hormone is ________

A

T4, T3

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6
Q

What type of cell forms thyroid follicles?

A

cuboidal epithelial

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7
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

T4, T3, and calcitonin

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8
Q

How does the body maintain normal plasma levels of thyroid hormone?

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

What dietary mineral is required to produce thyroid hormones?

A

iodide

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10
Q

How does ingestion of too many iodides affect thyroid hormone production?

A

inhibits

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11
Q

How does the thyroid gland get iodides into its follicular cells?

A

active pumping

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12
Q

What hormone activates the process of iodide trapping?

A

TSH

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13
Q

What type of thyroid cell secretes the colloid mixture?

A

thyroid follicle cells

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14
Q

What is the main component of the colloid mixture?

A

thyroglobulin

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15
Q

What is the main AA composition of thyroglobulin?

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of thyroglobulin?

A

TSH

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17
Q

What enzyme is required to oxidize iodide?

A

thyroid peroxidase

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18
Q

What is the organification process in synthesizing thyroid hormone?

A

binding iodine to tyrosine

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19
Q

What enzyme is required for organification?

A

thyroid peroxidase

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20
Q

What are the stages of organification?

A

formation of MIT and DIT

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21
Q

What is coupling of idotyrosine units?

A

cleavage of a DIT and MIT unit or cleavage of a DIT and DIT unit

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22
Q

What type of enzyme is required for the coupling process?

A

proteolytic

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23
Q

What effect does high consumption of goitrogenic veggies have on thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

block thyroid peroxidase

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24
Q

How much of the iodinates tyrosine MIT and DIT molecules are recycled each secretion cycle?

A

75%

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25
Q

What enzyme is required to cleave iodine from the MIT and DIT molecule not coupled during a secretion cycle?

A

thyroid deiodinase

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26
Q

What is the storage capacity of thyroid hormone in thyroid gland follicles?

A

2-3 months

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27
Q

approx 90% of all circulating thyroid hormone is bound to

A

thyroxine binding globulin

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28
Q

How often is T4 released into the body?

A

about every 6 days

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29
Q

How often is T3 released into circulation?

A

about every 24 hours

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30
Q

How much of the circulating T4 is deiodinated by the liver over a few days?

A

50%

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31
Q

Where does T3 bind to a receptor inside the target cell?

A

nucleus

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32
Q

Where on the DNA does the thyroid hormone receptor complex bind?

A

hormone response segment

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33
Q

What does the docking of T3 hormone receptor complex on the DNA stimulate?

A

transcription

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34
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients always be tired?

A

hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have tachycardia?

A

hyperthyroidism

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36
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have weight loss with increased appetite?

A

hyperthyroidism

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37
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients increase metabolism 60-100% above normal?

A

hyperthyroidism

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38
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have impotence?

A

hyperthyroidism

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39
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have decreased metabolism rate by 50%?

A

hypothyroidism

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40
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have weight gain while decreasing appetite?

A

hypothyroidism

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41
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have diarrhea?

A

hyperthyroidism

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42
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have brain fog?

A

hypothyroidism

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43
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have slow skeletal bone growth?

A

hypothyroidism

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44
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have increased cardiac output by 60%?

A

hyperthyroidism

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45
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have amenorrhea?

A

hyperthyroidism

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46
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have decreased plasma conc. of cholesterol and TGs?

A

hyperthyroidism

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47
Q

How does normal levels of thyroid hormone effect metabolism?

A

increases number and activity of mitochondria

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48
Q

How does thyroid hormone increase cardiac output?

A

increases blood flow back to heart (end diastolic filling)

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49
Q

What does normal levels of thyroid hormone do to heart rate?

A

maintains normal heart rate

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50
Q

Why does hyperthyroidism not effect mean arterial pressure?

A

diastolic pressure is lowered in proportion to the rise in systolic pressure

51
Q

How does normal levels of thyroid hormone effect cognitive abilities?

A

increases cerebration (thinking)

52
Q

What is the role of thyroid hormone during fetal development and the first few years of life?

A

promotes brain growth and development

53
Q

How does thyroid hormone increase plasma glucose?

A

enhance liver gluconeogenesis

54
Q

How does thyroid hormone increase serum fatty acids?

A

mobilizes fatty acids from adipose cells

55
Q

Why does thyroid hormone increase glucose and fatty acid levels in blood?

A

to provide products for energy production

56
Q

How does thyroid hormone effect the number of LDL receptors on hepatocytes?

A

increases number

57
Q

How does thyroid hormone effect serum levels of cholesterol?

A

decreases it

58
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates the liver to secrete cholesterol into….

59
Q

What effect does normal levels of thyroid hormone have on bone?

A

promotes growth

60
Q

What effect does normal levels of thyroid hormone have on skeletal muscle?

A

increases tone, strength, and energy

61
Q

How does normal levels of thyroid hormone effect activity of other endocrine glands?

A

increases rate of secretion while increasing demand

62
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have decreased libido?

A

hypothyroidism

63
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have polymenorrhea?

A

hypothyroidism

64
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have bradycardia?

A

hypothyroidism

65
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have skeletal muscle weakness?

A

hyperthyroidism

66
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have constipation?

A

hypothyroidism

67
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have increased plasma conc. of cholesterol and TGs?

A

hypothyroidism

68
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have oligomenorrhea?

A

hyperthyroidism

69
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have skeletal muscle slow to relax after contraction?

A

hypothyroidism

70
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have atherosclerosis?

A

hypothyroidism

71
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have insomnia?

A

hyperthyroidism

72
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have slow bone growth?

A

hypothyroidism

73
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients muscle tremor?

A

hyperthyroidism

74
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have excessive skeletal bone growth?

A

hyperthyroidism

75
Q

Would hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism patients have rapid mental activity?

A

hyperthyroidism

76
Q

The hypothalamic _______________ nucleus produces thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

paraventricular

77
Q

Which secondary messenger system does TRH use to stimulate thyroid follicle cells?

A

phospholipase C

78
Q

How does TRH initiate the second messenger system?

A

binds to a GPCR

79
Q

How does DAG activate in the second messenger system?

A

protein kinase

80
Q

What does activated protein kinase stimulate in the second messenger system initiated by TRH?

A

synthesis and secretion of TSH

81
Q

What is the role of IP3 in the second messenger system?

A

release intracellular calcium

82
Q

What does the calcium calmodulin complex activate in the phospholipase C second messenger system?

A

synthesis and secretion of TSH

83
Q

Which second messenger system does TSH use to stimulate the thyroid?

84
Q

What type of receptor does TSH bind with on the thyroid follicular cell membrane?

85
Q

What is the 1st messenger in cAMP second messenger system that stimulates thyroid hormone production?

86
Q

What enzyme in the cAMP second messenger system converts ATP into cAMP?

A

adenylate cyclase

87
Q

Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the second messenger system?

A

protein kinase

88
Q

What does activated protein kinase stimulate in the second messenger system initiated by TSH?

A

synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

89
Q

Which autoimmune disorder is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

90
Q

How does the immune system affect the thyroid gland in Grave’s disease?

A

it produces thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)

91
Q

How does TSAb/TSI affect thyroid follicular cells?

A

stimulates thyroid hormone production

92
Q

How long does TSAb/TSI cause the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormone in a cycle?

A

about 12 hours

93
Q

How long does TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormones in a cycle?

A

about 1 hour

94
Q

What is the rate of thyroid hormone secretion when under the influence of TSAb/TSI?

A

increases 5-15x above normal

95
Q

Does Grave’s disease damage the thyroid gland?

96
Q

How does Grave’s disease affect the size of the thyroid gland?

A

increases it

97
Q

What would the levels of TSH and thyroid hormone be in a person with Grave’s disease?

A

TSH low, thyroid hormones high (T3/T4)

98
Q

What eye condition is commonly seen with Grave’s disease?

A

exophthalmos

99
Q

What causes a goiter in the case of hyperthyroidism?

A

overproduction of thyroid hormones

100
Q

Which non-autoimmune condition causes the thyroid gland to increase secretion of thyroid hormones without TSH stimulation?

A

thyroid adenoma

101
Q

What is the underlying cause of most hyperthyroid symptoms?

A

abnormally high metabolic rate

102
Q

Which anterior pituitary cell produces TSH?

A

thyrotropes

103
Q

Which hormone increases all known secretory activity of thyroid cells?

104
Q

What is the most important early effect of TSH?

A

secretion of thyroid hormone

105
Q

How does TSH stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone?

A

activates proteolysis of iodinated thyroglobulin

106
Q

How does TSH effect the size of thyroid follicle cells?

A

increase size

107
Q

What condition causes inflammation of the thyroid gland?

A

hashimoto’s

108
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

hashimoto’s

109
Q

What causes hashimoto’s disease?

A

autoimmunity

110
Q

How does hashimoto’s disease cause inflammation of the thyroid?

A

T cells (killer and helper) damage thyroid follicular cells

111
Q

How do hashimoto’s symptoms initially manifest?

A

patient cycles between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism symptoms

112
Q

What happens to the thyroid hormones stored in the colloid mixture with Hashimoto’s?

A

dumped into circulation

113
Q

Why are blood tests for thyroglobulin or peroxidase Abs used to diagnose early hashimoto’s disease?

A

thyroglobulin and peroxidase should not be in blood circulation

114
Q

What will blood test show in advanced hashimoto’s?

A

high TSH, low thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

115
Q

What causes a goiter in the case of hashimoto’s?

A

inflammation

116
Q

What dietary conditions cause an endemic colloid goiter in the Great Lakes region of the US?

A

soil deficiency of iodides

117
Q

How does a person develop an endemic goiter?

A

thyroid gland continues to produce thyroglobulin

118
Q

What factors can lead to iodine deficiency?

A

deficiency of peroxidase and or deiodinase

119
Q

What does a congenital lack of a thyroid gland cause?

120
Q

What is the typical IQ of a child born with cretinism?

121
Q

Damage to anterior pituitary _____________ could cause hypothyroidism

A

thyrotropes

122
Q

What is myxedema?

A

most severe form of hypothyroidism

123
Q

How much thyroid hormone is produced with myxedema?

124
Q

Which condition is associated with non-pitting edema caused by accumulation of sub-dermal mucopolysaccharides?

Endocrine (20 decks)

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