Adrenal Cortex Hormones HW Questions

Question 1

The adrenal medulla is derived from embryonic _______________ cells

Answer 1

neural crest

Question 2

The adrenal medulla is considered a displaced _____________ ganglion

Answer 2

sympathetic

Question 3

ACTH stimulates synthesis and secretion of these adrenal cortices EXCEPT:
A) zona glomerulosa
B) zona fasciculata
C) zona reticularis

Answer 3

A) zona glomerulosa

Question 4

Which adrenal cortex zone produces androgens?

Answer 4

zona reticularis

Question 5

Which adrenal hormone secretion is controlled by Ang II and high serum potassium?

Answer 5

aldosterone

Question 6

Which type of adrenal cortex hormone is cortisol?

Answer 6

glucocorticoid

Question 7

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 7

stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

Question 8

The adrenal cortex can only synthesize about _______ of the cholesterol need to make their steroid hormones

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

Excessive aldosterone can cause __________________

Answer 9

hypokalemia

Question 10

What is the role of ACTH and ang II in the production of adrenal cortex hormone?

Answer 10

increase number of LDL receptors on adrenal cortex cell membranes

Question 11

Cortisol possesses primarily glucocorticoid activity but also has some slight _________________ activity

Answer 11

mineralocorticoid

Question 12

What is cortisol bound to in circulation?

Answer 12

transcortin

Question 13

What is the circadian secretory rhythm of cortisol?

Answer 13

first couple of hours in the morning

Question 14

What is the primary metabolic effect of cortisol?

Answer 14

gluconeogenesis

Question 15

How does cortisol stimulate the liver to produce glucose and store glycogen?

Answer 15

mobilizes FAs and proteins and increases required enzymes

Question 16

How does cortisol affect skeletal muscle uptake of glucose?

Answer 16

reduces sensitivity to insulin

Question 17

What conditions lead to adrenal diabetes?

Answer 17

excessive secretion of cortisol

Question 18

Why is cortisol considered ketogenic?

Answer 18

promotes use of FAs for energy production

Question 19

How does excessive secretion of cortisol affect fat distribution?

Answer 19

causes redistribution of fat to the abdomen and trunk

Question 20

How does cortisol affect protein metabolism?

Answer 20

decreases protein synthesis while increasing protein catabolism

Question 21

How does cortisol effect intracellular storage of proteins?

Answer 21

reduces storage

Question 22

How does cortisol effect transport of AAs into the liver?

Answer 22

enhances uptake

Question 23

How does chronic high levels of cortisol cause muscle weakness?

Answer 23

decreases AA uptake while stimulating muscle protein breakdown

Question 24

What does long term exposure to high levels of cortisol do to neurons in the hippocampus?

Answer 24

kills them

Question 25

Why is the hippocampus so sensitive to cortisol?

Answer 25

because it has so many receptors

Question 26

How does cortisol effect inflammation?

Answer 26

blocks it, may even reverses it

Question 27

How does high levels of cortisol affect the negative feedback system?

Answer 27

inhibits CRH and ACTH release

Question 28

What type of sensory stimuli can override the cortisol negative feedback mechanism?

Answer 28

pain and stress

Question 29

What is Addison's disease?

Answer 29

hypo-secretion of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 30

How does Addison's disease effect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 30

it doesn't

Question 31

What causes adrenal cortex atrophy associated with Addison's disease?

Answer 31

autoimmunity

Question 32

How does Addison's disease affect blood glucose levels?

Answer 32

causes hypoglycemia

Question 33

What affect does Addison's disease have on the immune system?

Answer 33

cause an over-active immune system

Question 34

How does Addison's disease affect the blood conc. of sodium and potassium?

Answer 34

causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

Question 35

How does chronic low blood volume caused by Addison's disease effect BP?

Answer 35

causes low BP

Question 36

Why does a person with Addison's disease develop a copper color tone to their skin?

Answer 36

hyper-secretion of ACTH

Question 37

How does ACTH effect melanocyte production?

Answer 37

ACTH contains the melanocyte stimulating hormone in its chain

Question 38

Why does Addison's disease cause hyper-secretion of ACTH?

Answer 38

low levels of adrenal cortical hormones stimulated the negative feedback system

Question 39

What causes Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 39

hypersecretion of cortisol and androgens

Question 40

What causes the hyperadrenalism associated with Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 40

hyper-secretion of CRH or ACTH or long term prescription cortisol use

Question 41

How does cushing's syndrome affects blood glucose levels?

Answer 41

causes hyperglycemia

Question 42

How does Cushing's syndrome affect skeletal muscle?

Answer 42

causes muscle weakness due to decreased protein synthesis

Question 43

How does cushing's syndrome cause purple striae?

Answer 43

decreased collagen

Question 44

How does cushing's syndrome cause osteoporosis?

Answer 44

decreased collagen

Question 45

What is the buffalo hump associated with cushing's syndrome?

Answer 45

fat pad over the area of the vertebral prominence

Question 46

What causes the moon face associated with cushing's syndrome?

Answer 46

edema

Question 47

How does hypersecretion of cortisol with cushing's syndrome cause high BP?

Answer 47

mineralcorticoid effects

Question 48

How does hypersecretion of androgens affect facial hair on women?

Answer 48

causes hirsutism

Question 49

How does hypersecretion of androgens with cushing's syndrome affect the female menstrual cycle?

Answer 49

causes irregularity