Module 1-3 TBL Questions Flashcards
Which G protein subunit is bound to a GTP molecule?
alpha
What is the cascade effect of a hormone?
when a small amount of hormone can initiate several reactions in a target cell
G protein is activated by…
hormone binding with surface receptor
All steroids are synthesized from…..
cholesterol
Where in the cell are protein hormones stored?
vesicles
What is the role of adenylate cyclase in the 2nd messenger system?
convert ATP into cAMP
These chemicals are produced by a tissue that effects that same tissue
autocrines
What are the 3 primary classes of hormones?
polypeptides, steroids, and amines
All of the following types of hormones are water soluble EXCEPT:
A) catecholamines
B) polypeptides
C) proteins
D) steroids
D) steroids
Where are target cell thyroid hormone receptors located?
within the nucleus
How does a hormone activate a target cell?
by binding with a receptor
What type of hormone binds with intracellular receptors?
steroid hormones
What is the specific role of the alpha GTP G protein subunit?
bind with a specific transmembrane enzyme
What is the role of cAMP in the second messenger system?
stimulate protein kinase
How does the activated phospholipase C generate second messengers?
splits a phospholipid
What is the role of calcium in the phospholipase C 2nd messenger mechanism?
stimulate target response by binding to calmodulin
What is the shape of the G protein linked receptor?
serpentine
What is the role of DAG in the phospholipase C second messenger mechanism?
activate protein kinase
Which AAs are amine hormones synthesized from?
tyrosine
Why do some hormones travel bound to a globular protein?
allow the hormone to remain in circulation longer
Where is the hypothalamic stalk located?
between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasma
Which division of the nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus?
ANS
Which endocrine gland does the hypothalamus control directly?
pituitary gland
How is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by the hypothalamus?
nerve signals
How is hormonal secretion of the anterior pituitary gland controlled?
hormonal signals
How do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
through the hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal
How is the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system organized?
it consists of 2 capillary plexus connected by veins or venules
Where is the primary capillary plexus located in the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?
medial eminence
What type of chemical messenger does the hypothalamic secrete at the median eminence?
hormones
The anterior pituitary is controlled mostly by…
hypothalamic releasing hormones
What tissue gives rise to the adenohypophysis?
Rathke’s pouch
The anterior pituitary is made up from 30-60% of these cells
somatotropes
Which cell produces GH?
somatotropes
Which cell produces LH?
gonadotropes
Which cell produces ACTH?
corticotropes
Which cell produces TSH?
thyrotropes
Which cell produces PRL?
lactotropes
Which cell produces FSH?
gonadotropes
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced ADH?
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced GHRH?
arcuate
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced oxytocin?
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced dopamine/PIH?
arcuate
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced CRH?
paraventricular
Which hypothalamic nucleus produced GnRH?
arcuate
What class of hormones are pituitary hormones?
protein/polypeptides
The hypothalamus secretes _______ which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete _________ which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
TRH, TSH
How does ADH increase blood volume?
increases water permeability of collecting ducts
What conditions stimulate the release of ADH?
high solute concentration of blood
Hyposecretion of ADH can cause the following EXCEPT:
A) body cells start to swell
B) polyuria
C) hypotension
D) diabetes insipidus
A) body cells start to swell
Which hormone is influenced by a positive feedback loop?
oxytocin
Which condition will cause the secretion of oxytocin? Choose 3
-breast milk production
-birthing labor
-suckling
-milk letdown
-birthing labor
-suckling
-milk letdown
What is another name for growth hormone?
somatotopin
Approx how long does GH circulate in the blood?
20 min
What is the main general effect GH has on most tissues?
increases protein synthesis
GH increases the use of _______ for fuel
FAs
How does GH increase blood levels of glucose?
inhibits GLUT4 transport proteins and stimulates gluconeogenesis
Why is GH considered diabetogenic?
it increases circulating glucose
Oversecretion of GH can lead to ketosis by the following except:
A) increases mobilization of FAs
B) enhance conversion of FAs to acetyl coenzyme A
C) decreased skeletal muscle intracellular glucose
D) stimulates intracellular fat storage
D) stimulates intracellular fat storage
IGF1 is synthesized by the ___________
liver
The secretion of GH is elevated in the condition of chronic ____________ deficiency
protein
**if it would’ve said acute, then it would be carbs*
Acromegaly is due to ______________________________ fusion of the epiphyses of the long bones
an excess of GH secretion after
Which type of neuron fibers transport oxytocin and ADH to the neurohypophysis?
unmyelinated C
Which condition is a result of complete lack of growth hormone but normal levels of all other anterior pituitary hormone?
dwarfism
How is hormonal secretion of the posterior pituitary gland controlled?
nerve signals
What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary?
neuroectoderm
GH stimulates bone growth by….
stimulating osteoblast activity
