Intro to Endocrine (Exam 1) Flashcards
What are the 10 endocrine glands?
1) hypothalamus
2) pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
3) pineal gland
4) thyroid gland
5) parathyroid glands
6) thymus gland (up to puberty)
7) adrenal glands
8) pancreas
9) ovaries
10) testes
What is the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
neurotransmitters= local
hormones= can travel far distances
What are the 4 types of hormone messengers?
1) endocrine hormones
2) paracrines
3) autocrines
4) neuroendocrine hormones
Which hormone messenger is produced and released by glands or specialized cells into circulating blood and act at another location?
endocrine hormones
Which hormone messenger is secreted by cells into interstitial fluid to act on neighboring cells (ex: prostaglandins)?
paracrines
Which hormone messenger is secreted by cells into interstitial fluid to act on the same cell (ex: prostaglandins)?
autocrines
Which hormone messenger is produced and released by neurons into circulating blood and act at another location (ex: hypothalamic hormones)?
neuroendocrine hormones
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
1) peptides and polypeptides
2) amines
3) steroids
Proteins/polypeptide hormones are synthesized from AAs except…..
tyrosine
Proteins/polypeptides are stored in….
vesicles in the cytoplasm (they are released by exocytosis into interstitial fluid which requires calcium)
Which hormone is this?
-water soluble
-travel free (unbound in the blood)
-bind with specific receptors (GPCRs) on the target cell membrane
proteins/polypeptides and catecholamines
What is the most abundant class of hormones?
proteins/polypeptides
Which hormone class is synthesized from cholesterol?
steroids
Most ____________ hormones are secreted as they’re made. They are not stored
steroid
Which hormone is this?
-lipid soluble
-most travel bound to a globular protein
-only small amounts travel unbound
-binds with specific receptors within the target cell cytoplasm, enter nucleus, and bind to DNA
steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
What are the 2 groups of amine hormones?
1) catecholamines
2) thyroid hormones
Which hormones are synthesized from tyrosine and iodide in thyroid follicular cells and are stored in follicles?
thyroid hormones
Which hormones are synthesized from tyrosine by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, stored in vesicles, and secreted by exocytosis into the interstitial fluid?
catecholamines
Hormones are secreted in pulses by….
-negative feedback (high levels will inhibit release, low levels will stimulate release)
-positive feedback (the biological action of the hormone causes additional secretion of the hormone (ex: birth)
-biological clock (daily and monthly cycles)
-hypothalamus
What are the 3 cycles of a biological clock?
