Thyroid, Brain tumors, Alport syndrome, misc

Question 1

What thyroid carcinoma is derived from the follicular cells, is associated with radiation exposure, sufficient iodine intake, and spreads lymphatically?

Answer 1

Papillary

Question 2

What kind of thyroid cancer is derived from follicular cells, is associated w/ low iodine intake and endemic goiter, and spreads hematogenously, classically to bone and lung?

Answer 2

Follicular

Question 3

Which type of thyroid cancer is the most common worldwide?

Answer 3

papillary

Question 4

Mixed cellular infiltration of the thyroid w/ occasional giant cells. What type of thyroid problem is described? What may be the cause? What is the prognosis?

Answer 4

subacute thyroiditis (aka de Quervain’s or granulomatous thyroiditis). Viral inf. Probable return to euthyroidism.

Question 5

A hard, fixed thyroid gland. Extensive fibrosis that extends into surrounding structures. Simulates malignancy. Dx? Likely etiology, marker?

Answer 5

Reidel’s thyroiditis. Autoimmunity (anti- thyroid peroxidase).

Question 6

What causes portal htn in Budd-Chiari syndrome?

Answer 6

Thrombosis of systemic venous drainage from liver (i.e. hepatic vv. or IVC).

Question 7

Diffuse calcification of the gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder) indicates an increased risk of _______.

Answer 7

gallbladder carcinoma

Question 8

What is the difference in the clinical presentation of saccular aneurysm and Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysm rupture?

Answer 8

saccular - subarachnoid hemorrhage; headache, altered lvl of consciousness
Charcot-Bouchard - focal neuro deficit

Question 9

What would a liver biopsy show in Budd-Chiari syndrome?

Answer 9

centrilobular congestion and fibrosis

Question 10

What is the most common hepatic lesion?

Answer 10

Metastasis from another site, e.g. breast, lung, colon

Question 11

6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine must be converted to their active metabolites by _______ and degraded by _______.

Answer 11

HGPRT; xanthine oxidase

Question 12

What kind of a drug is dobutamine? What is its primary use?

Answer 12

β-agonist; cardiogenic shock

Question 13

What is the primary mode of action of metformin, please.

Answer 13

reduces gluconeogenic enzyme production

Question 14

Medial medullary syndrome causes contralateral _______ and ipsilateral _______.

Answer 14

spastic paralysis; flaccid paralysis of tongue (points toward the lesion)

Question 15

Lateral medullary syndrome causes contralateral _______ and ipsilateral _______.

Answer 15

loss of pain and temp; loss of CN V, IX, X, and XI

Question 16

What is the most common tumor of the pineal gland?

Answer 16

germinoma

Question 17

What are the 3 most common effects of a germinoma?

Answer 17

1. precocious puberty (hCG secretion)
2. obstructive hydocephalus
3. Parinaud syndrome (upward gaze anmd convergence paralysis)

Question 18

What is the most important biochemical abnormality of Alzheimer’s?

Answer 18

decrease in ACh

Question 19

What is the primary defect in Alport syndrome?

Answer 19

defect in type IV collagen

Question 20

What is the classic microscopic finding in the glomerulus in Alport syndrome?

Answer 20

split BM

Question 21

What are the Sx of Alport syndrome?

Answer 21

nephritic syndrome, ocular and nerve disorders, deafness

Question 22

What is the mode of inheritance of Alport syndrome?

Answer 22

XR

Question 23

Which lung cancer is SVC syndrome most commonly associated with?

Answer 23

small cell carcinoma

Question 24

How long is the duration of action of Alprazolam, Oxazolam, and Triazolam?

Answer 24

<10 hrs

Question 25

How long is the duration of action of estazolam, lorazepam, and temazepam?

Answer 25

10-20 hrs

Question 26

How long is the duration of action of Diazepam and Flurazepam?

Answer 26

days

Question 27

What kind of antibiotic is streptomycin?

Answer 27

aminoglycoside

Question 28

M. tuberculosis can acquire resistance to which drug by decreasing the activity of catalase-peroxidase?

Answer 28

Isoniazid

Question 29

A person has polydipsia/polyuria w/ abnormally low serum sodium. What is the likely etiology?

Answer 29

psychogenic (primary) polydipsia

Question 30

For what kind of diabetes insipidus could you use hydrochlorothiazide?

Answer 30

nephrogenic