Thyroid, Brain tumors, Alport syndrome, misc Flashcards
What thyroid carcinoma is derived from the follicular cells, is associated with radiation exposure, sufficient iodine intake, and spreads lymphatically?
Papillary
What kind of thyroid cancer is derived from follicular cells, is associated w/ low iodine intake and endemic goiter, and spreads hematogenously, classically to bone and lung?
Follicular
Which type of thyroid cancer is the most common worldwide?
papillary
Mixed cellular infiltration of the thyroid w/ occasional giant cells. What type of thyroid problem is described? What may be the cause? What is the prognosis?
subacute thyroiditis (aka de Quervain’s or granulomatous thyroiditis). Viral inf. Probable return to euthyroidism.
A hard, fixed thyroid gland. Extensive fibrosis that extends into surrounding structures. Simulates malignancy. Dx? Likely etiology, marker?
Reidel’s thyroiditis. Autoimmunity (anti- thyroid peroxidase).
What causes portal htn in Budd-Chiari syndrome?
Thrombosis of systemic venous drainage from liver (i.e. hepatic vv. or IVC).
Diffuse calcification of the gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder) indicates an increased risk of _______.
gallbladder carcinoma
What is the difference in the clinical presentation of saccular aneurysm and Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysm rupture?
saccular - subarachnoid hemorrhage; headache, altered lvl of consciousness
Charcot-Bouchard - focal neuro deficit
What would a liver biopsy show in Budd-Chiari syndrome?
centrilobular congestion and fibrosis
What is the most common hepatic lesion?
Metastasis from another site, e.g. breast, lung, colon
6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine must be converted to their active metabolites by _______ and degraded by _______.
HGPRT; xanthine oxidase
What kind of a drug is dobutamine? What is its primary use?
β-agonist; cardiogenic shock
What is the primary mode of action of metformin, please.
reduces gluconeogenic enzyme production
Medial medullary syndrome causes contralateral _______ and ipsilateral _______.
spastic paralysis; flaccid paralysis of tongue (points toward the lesion)
Lateral medullary syndrome causes contralateral _______ and ipsilateral _______.
loss of pain and temp; loss of CN V, IX, X, and XI
What is the most common tumor of the pineal gland?
germinoma
What are the 3 most common effects of a germinoma?
- precocious puberty (hCG secretion)
- obstructive hydocephalus
- Parinaud syndrome (upward gaze anmd convergence paralysis)
What is the most important biochemical abnormality of Alzheimer’s?
decrease in ACh
What is the primary defect in Alport syndrome?
defect in type IV collagen
What is the classic microscopic finding in the glomerulus in Alport syndrome?
split BM
What are the Sx of Alport syndrome?
nephritic syndrome, ocular and nerve disorders, deafness
What is the mode of inheritance of Alport syndrome?
XR
Which lung cancer is SVC syndrome most commonly associated with?
small cell carcinoma
How long is the duration of action of Alprazolam, Oxazolam, and Triazolam?
<10 hrs
How long is the duration of action of estazolam, lorazepam, and temazepam?
10-20 hrs
How long is the duration of action of Diazepam and Flurazepam?
days
What kind of antibiotic is streptomycin?
aminoglycoside
M. tuberculosis can acquire resistance to which drug by decreasing the activity of catalase-peroxidase?
Isoniazid
A person has polydipsia/polyuria w/ abnormally low serum sodium. What is the likely etiology?
psychogenic (primary) polydipsia
For what kind of diabetes insipidus could you use hydrochlorothiazide?
nephrogenic
