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USMLE Universe > 10/1/12 > Flashcards

10/1/12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What causes antral-predominant gastritis?

A

H. pylori infection

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2
Q

What causes antral-sparing chronic gastritis?

A

autoimmune gastritis

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3
Q

An ulcer in the DISTAL duodenum is probably caused by what?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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4
Q

How can Zollinger-Ellison syndrome cause diarrhea?

A

gastric acid incativation of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes –> poor nutritional absorption

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5
Q

What kind of arteriolar pathology does non-malignant hypertension cause?

A

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

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6
Q

What kind of arteriolar pathology does malignant hypertension cause?

A

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis - onion-skinning (laminated smooth muscle cells w/ reduplicated BM

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7
Q

Fill in the blank w/ the proper antifungal.

A

flucytosine

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8
Q

Fill n the blank w/ the proper antifungal.

A

caspofungin

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9
Q

Fill in the blank w/ the proper antifungals (2).

A

Amphotericin B & Nystatin

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10
Q

Fill in the blank w/ the proper antifungal.

A

-azoles

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11
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A

aka eccrine glands - release watery NaCl sol’n sweat to skin

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12
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

release odorous sweat into hair folllicles; not active until puberty; alter secretions w/ menstrual cycle

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13
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

a type of holocrine gland, the entire cell bursts to release an oily material into the hair follicle that then serves to lubricate the skin

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14
Q

What cells direct the damage in Crohn’s disease? What cytokines?

A

Th1 - IL-2, IFN-γ

(induce MΦs to release TNF)

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15
Q

What cells direct the damage in ulcerative colitis? What cytokines?

A

Th2 - IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10

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16
Q

How is the clinical presentation of an aortic dissection differ from that of an AAA?

A

dissection - tearing pain; AAA - vague abdominal discomfort

17
Q

Microangiopathic hemollytic Anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia in a child.

A

HUS

18
Q

What 2 infedtions usu. lead to the development of HUS?

A

Shigella dysenteriae or E. coli O157:H7

19
Q

How is the pathogenesis of HUS related to Shigella and EHEC?

A

Shiga-toxin (verotoxin) is released into the bloodstream causing endothelial damage and thrombus formation.

20
Q

PSGN is associated w/ low _______ levels.

A

complement

21
Q

Osmotic damage d/t uncontrolled DM occurs in cells that contain aldose reductase, but insufficient _______.

A

sorbitol d.h. (polyol d.h.)

22
Q

What triggers the excess growth and proliferation of neoplastic cells in hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Integration of HBV DNA into host genome.

23
Q

HBV induces neoplastic change in liver cells by increasing activity of what enzymes?

A

IGF-I and -II

24
Q

HBV induces neoplastic change in liver cells by reducing the activity of what cellular protein?

A

p53

25
Q

What are aflatoxins?

A

Carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of oseltamivir and zanamavir? What class of antivirals are they?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors: inhibit virion release from host cell

27
Q

What kind of a drug is the antiretroviral enfuvirtide?

A

fusion inhibitor

28
Q

What is the most common cause of death in pts w/ DM?

A

MI

29
Q

Pulmonary berylliosis strongly resembles what othe lung pathology?

A

sarcoidosis

30
Q

Exogenous administration of _______ will typically prevent gallstone formation in pts w/ prolonged total parenteral nutrition.

A

CCK

31
Q

What is the cellular function of Erb-B2?

A

Transmembrane glycoprotein w/ Tyr kinase activity

32
Q

What do you call the anti-HER2 monoclonal Ab?

A

trastuzumab

33
Q

What 2 cancers is N-myc usu. associated w/?

A

neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer

34
Q

What kind of a cell is the one seen here from a lymph node biopsy? What disease is it associated with?

A

Reed-Sternberg cell; Hodgkin’s disease

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