9/29/12 Flashcards
Which class of Na+ channel blockers is selective for rapidly depolarizing tissue? What is the simple explanation for this?
Class IB antiarrhythmics (lidocaine, mexilitine, tocainide); They dissociate more quickly than Class IA.
Which class of Na+ channel blockers are most avidly bound to non-resting Na+ channels and therefore least selective for rapidly depolarizing cells?
Class IC (e.g. Propafenone, flecainide)
What is the effect of estrogen on T4? How?
Increases total T4 by decreasing catabolism of TBG.
Which anti-epileptic can cause generalizex lymphadenopathy w/o a serum-sickness-like syndrome?
Phenytoin
Thiazides increase the serum levels of what 4 things?
uric acid, glucose, Ca++, and lipids (chol & LDL)
What does a high arteriovenous concentration gradient mean w/ regard to an inhaled anesthetic?
high tissue solubility and slow onset of action
What kind of drug are triptans, such as those used as abortive therapy for migraines?
serotonin receptor agonists
What is the basic mechanism of triptans for migraine?
Activation of 5-HT receptors prevents release of CGRP and substance P, which mediate neurogenic inflammation (vasodilation and pain, respectively).
What is the order of NΦ extravasation and associated cell-surface molecules?
"Lewis has SELECTed to tighly bind and INTEGRate my PEnis." Step, vasculature, leukocyte. rolling, selectins, Sialyl Lewis. tight binding, ICAM-1, integrins. diapedesis, PECAM-1, PECAM-1. migration, bact products and CILK
What disorder causes delayed separation of the umbilical cord and recurrent skin infections w/o pus formation?
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies (LAD-1 and -3)
Replacement of liver parenchyma with fibrous-lined nodules describes what hepatic pathology?
any liver cirrhosis
What kind of a drug is Donepezil again?
anti-cholinesterase used in Alzheimer’s
Which vitamin can help prevent neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s?
vit E (alpha-tocopherol)
What are the 3 major categories of Alzheimer’s disease therapy?
- increased ACh neurotransmission.
- anti-oxidant.
- NMDA-receptor antagonism
What is an example of an NMDA-receptor antagonist used in AD?
Memantine
How is Memantine thought to work in Alzheimer’s Tx? What is the involved neurotransmitter?
NMDA-receptor block prevents overstimulation by glutamate.
What is the mech of desmopressin in Hemophilia A and vWF disease tx?
causes release of Factor VIII and vWF from endothelial cells
Transferrin levels are extremely high in Hemochromatosis type I d/t a mutation in the HFE gene. How is this thought to increase serum iron?
high transferrin stimulates intestinal absorption of Fe++.
What is the cause of normal pressure hydrocephalus?
inability of arachnoid villi to reabsorb CSF
What part of the long bonje is most commonly affected in hematogenous osteomyelitis?
metaphysis
What are the 3 most common sites of hematogenous osteomelitis? (Be specific!)
distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus
What drug can be used to Dx Prinzmetal’s angina, as it causes coronary vasoconstriction?
Ergonovine
What is the worst potential side effect of halothane use as an anesthetic (post-anesthesia)?
fulminant hepatitis
What is the effect of sickle cell disease (or other causes of hemolysis) on serum haptoglobin?
reduced (b/c haptoglobin hemoglobin complex is cleared very quickly).
What protein is responsible for the greenish color of pus and sputum in bacterial infections?
Myeloperoxidase
Which lung cancer is Eaton-Lambert syndrome most commonly associated?
small cell carcinoma
The Theca cell is stimulated by _______ from the pituitary and releases the steroid hormone _______.
LH; androstenedione
The granulosa cell is stimulated by _______ from the pituitary and releases the steroid hormone _______.
FSH; estrogen
An ovarian tumor that secretes thyroid hormone is probably a _______.
teratoma
Neurophysins are carrier proteins for what 2 products of the neurohypophysis?
oxytocin and ADH
Neurophysins are carrier proteins for what 2 products of the neurohypophysis?
oxytocin and ADH
Where is oxytocin produced?
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus receives what kind of sensory information? Where from?
Pain/temp from spinothalamic tracts and proprioception/position from the medial leminiscus.
The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the hypothalamus receives what kind of sensory information? From where?
trigeminal and gustatory pathways (taste, etc.)
