9/29/12

Question 1

Which class of Na+ channel blockers is selective for rapidly depolarizing tissue? What is the simple explanation for this?

Answer 1

Class IB antiarrhythmics (lidocaine, mexilitine, tocainide); They dissociate more quickly than Class IA.

Question 2

Which class of Na+ channel blockers are most avidly bound to non-resting Na+ channels and therefore least selective for rapidly depolarizing cells?

Answer 2

Class IC (e.g. Propafenone, flecainide)

Question 3

What is the effect of estrogen on T4? How?

Answer 3

Increases total T4 by decreasing catabolism of TBG.

Question 4

Which anti-epileptic can cause generalizex lymphadenopathy w/o a serum-sickness-like syndrome?

Answer 4

Phenytoin

Question 5

Thiazides increase the serum levels of what 4 things?

Answer 5

uric acid, glucose, Ca++, and lipids (chol & LDL)

Question 6

What does a high arteriovenous concentration gradient mean w/ regard to an inhaled anesthetic?

Answer 6

high tissue solubility and slow onset of action

Question 7

What kind of drug are triptans, such as those used as abortive therapy for migraines?

Answer 7

serotonin receptor agonists

Question 8

What is the basic mechanism of triptans for migraine?

Answer 8

Activation of 5-HT receptors prevents release of CGRP and substance P, which mediate neurogenic inflammation (vasodilation and pain, respectively).

Question 9

What is the order of NΦ extravasation and associated cell-surface molecules?

Answer 9

"Lewis has SELECTed to tighly bind and INTEGRate my PEnis."
Step, vasculature, leukocyte.
rolling, selectins, Sialyl Lewis.
tight binding, ICAM-1, integrins.
diapedesis, PECAM-1, PECAM-1.
migration, bact products and CILK

Question 10

What disorder causes delayed separation of the umbilical cord and recurrent skin infections w/o pus formation?

Answer 10

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies (LAD-1 and -3)

Question 11

Replacement of liver parenchyma with fibrous-lined nodules describes what hepatic pathology?

Answer 11

any liver cirrhosis

Question 12

What kind of a drug is Donepezil again?

Answer 12

anti-cholinesterase used in Alzheimer’s

Question 13

Which vitamin can help prevent neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s?

Answer 13

vit E (alpha-tocopherol)

Question 14

What are the 3 major categories of Alzheimer’s disease therapy?

Answer 14

1. increased ACh neurotransmission.
2. anti-oxidant.
3. NMDA-receptor antagonism

Question 15

What is an example of an NMDA-receptor antagonist used in AD?

Answer 15

Memantine

Question 16

How is Memantine thought to work in Alzheimer’s Tx? What is the involved neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

NMDA-receptor block prevents overstimulation by glutamate.

Question 17

What is the mech of desmopressin in Hemophilia A and vWF disease tx?

Answer 17

causes release of Factor VIII and vWF from endothelial cells

Question 18

Transferrin levels are extremely high in Hemochromatosis type I d/t a mutation in the HFE gene. How is this thought to increase serum iron?

Answer 18

high transferrin stimulates intestinal absorption of Fe++.

Question 19

What is the cause of normal pressure hydrocephalus?

Answer 19

inability of arachnoid villi to reabsorb CSF

Question 20

What part of the long bonje is most commonly affected in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

Answer 20

metaphysis

Question 21

What are the 3 most common sites of hematogenous osteomelitis? (Be specific!)

Answer 21

distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus

Question 22

What drug can be used to Dx Prinzmetal’s angina, as it causes coronary vasoconstriction?

Answer 22

Ergonovine

Question 23

What is the worst potential side effect of halothane use as an anesthetic (post-anesthesia)?

Answer 23

fulminant hepatitis

Question 24

What is the effect of sickle cell disease (or other causes of hemolysis) on serum haptoglobin?

Answer 24

reduced (b/c haptoglobin hemoglobin complex is cleared very quickly).

Question 25

What protein is responsible for the greenish color of pus and sputum in bacterial infections?

Answer 25

Myeloperoxidase

Question 26

Which lung cancer is Eaton-Lambert syndrome most commonly associated?

Answer 26

small cell carcinoma

Question 27

The Theca cell is stimulated by _______ from the pituitary and releases the steroid hormone _______.

Answer 27

LH; androstenedione

Question 28

The granulosa cell is stimulated by _______ from the pituitary and releases the steroid hormone _______.

Answer 28

FSH; estrogen

Question 29

An ovarian tumor that secretes thyroid hormone is probably a _______.

Answer 29

teratoma

Question 30

Neurophysins are carrier proteins for what 2 products of the neurohypophysis?

Answer 30

oxytocin and ADH

Question 31

Neurophysins are carrier proteins for what 2 products of the neurohypophysis?

Answer 31

oxytocin and ADH

Question 32

Where is oxytocin produced?

Answer 32

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 33

The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus receives what kind of sensory information? Where from?

Answer 33

Pain/temp from spinothalamic tracts and proprioception/position from the medial leminiscus.

Question 34

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the hypothalamus receives what kind of sensory information? From where?

Answer 34

trigeminal and gustatory pathways (taste, etc.)