Thoughts and Emotion Flashcards
Cognition
Wide range of internal mental activities
Perception
Organization and identification of sensory inputs
Info processing takes place in ______
Cerebral cortex
- Most evolved part of brain
- 4 lobes
Frontal lobe
Motor control, decision making, long-term memory storage
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory cortex
Occipital lobe
Visual info
Temporal lobe
Auditory + olfactory info, emotion and language
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Reconciled nature and nurture
- Kids group by experimenting w/ environment
Assimilation (Piaget)
Results of experimentation are fitted into preexisting schema
Accommodation (Piaget)
New info doesn’t fit previous schema => schema are changed
Sensorimotor (Piaget)
Birth - 2 years
- Learn to use language
- Think literally
- Object permanence (things continue to exist when out of sight)
Preoperational (Piaget)
2 - 7 years
- Language, think literally
- Maintain egocentric worldview
Concrete Operational (Piaget)
7 - 11 years
- Logical in concrete thinking
- Inductive reasoning (specific => general)
- Conservation
Formal Operational (Piaget)
11 years or older
- Logical in abstract thinking
- Deductive reasoning (general => specific)
- Theoretical and philosophical
- Don’t care about consequences
Learning theory of language development (AKA behaviorist theory)
Language is learned through operant conditioning
- Not innate
Nativist theory of language development
Language = innate biological mechanisms
Interactionist theory of language development
Interplay b/w environment and innate biology
Broca’s area
Speech production
- Frontal lobe (left hemisphere)
Wernicke’s area
Speech comprehension
- Temporal lobe
Intelligence
Ability to understand and reason with complex ideas
- Adapt to environment
Intelligence Quotient average and SD
Average = 100; SD = 15
General intelligence factor
Every individual has set level of intelligence (two types)
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized inteligence
Fluid intelligence
Ability to think logically w/o need for previously learned info (critical thinking)
- Peaks in young adulthood, then declines
Crystallized intelligence
Think logically using previously learned knowledge
- Remains stable through adulthood
Theory of multiple intelligences
Variety of intelligence based on different domains
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Processes, experiences, and cultural environment interact to yield person’s intelligence
- Analytical
- Creative
- Practical
Emotional intelligence (4 components)
- Perceiving emotion
- Using and reasoning w/ emotions
- Understanding emotions
- Managing emotions
Cognitive biases
Tendencies to think in particular ways
Functional fixedness
Tendency to view objects as having only single function
Belief perseverance
Hold on to initial beliefs even when rational argument suggests they’re incorrect
Overconfidence
Information that should logically undermine confidence is overlooked
Causation bias
Tendency to assume cause and affect relationship
Representativeness heuristic
Make educated guess about probability of event based on prior knowledge
Availability heuristic
Assign high likelihood to event b/c highly “available” to conscious thought
Fundamental attribution error
Attribute others’ actions to internal forces (personality) rather than external circumstances
Self-serving bias
Attribute own actions to external circumstances
Three components of emotion
- Cognitive
- Physiological
- Behavioral
Universal emotions
Fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, sadness
Limbic system
Connects hypothalamus w/ structures in temporal lobe
- Holds amygdala
Amygdala
Responsible for emotional reactions of fear and anger
Prefrontal cortex
Conscious regulation of emotional states
- Critical in temperament and decision making
Hypothalamus
Regulates autonomic nervous system’s SNS and PNS
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotion is physiologically-based
- External stimulus => physiological response
- Sequential
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Emotional feelings and physiological reactions to stimuli are experienced simultaneously
- Not sequential
Schacter-Singer theory of emotion
Both physiological response and situational cues
Motivation
Originates from unsatisfied needs (psychological or physiological)
Instinct
Tendency to perform behavior that leads to fulfillment of need
Drive reduction theory
People are motivated to take action in order to lessen state of arousal caused by physiological need
Incentive theory
Motivated by external rewards
Cognitive theories of emotion
People behave based on expectations of what will provide most favorable outcome
Need-based theories
People are motivated by desire to fulfill unmeet needs
Three major components of attitude
ABC model
- Affective component (feelings about object, person, event)
- Behavioral component
- Cognitive component (belief/knowledge about object of interest)
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
People more likely to agree to large favor after agreeing to smaller one
Cognitive dissonance
Conflict b/w internal attitudes and external behaviors
Cognitive dissonance theory
People have inherent desire to avoid internal discomfort associated w/ mismatch b/w behaviors and attitudes
- Usually change attitudes (easier)
Elaboration likelihood model
Information processing approach to persuasion
- How person receives argument
- Peripheral route processing vs. Central route processing
- Intentional persuasion
Peripheral route processing
Individual does not think deeply to evaluate argument
- Minimal knowledge/interest in subject
Central route processing
Person thinks deeply and elaborates on argument
Social-cognitive theory
Behavior/attitudes change through system of reciprocal causation
Factors affecting attitude change
- Behavior change
- Characteristics of the message
- Characteristics of the target
- Social factors
Stress
Strain experienced when organism’s equilibrium is disrupted and it must adapt
Cognitive appraisals
Personal interpretations of situations that trigger stress
Primary appraisal
Evaluate situation for threat
Secondary appraisal
Assess personal ability to cope with threat
SNS releases ______ and ______
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Adrenal glands release ____
Cortisol
Incidence of diagnosable psychological disorders
27%
Dishabituation
Return to heightened anxiety after period of habituation
- Relapse
Habituation
Prolonged stimulus results in decrease of anxiety
Facilitated neurons
Elevated resting potential closer to threshold => lower stimulus will lead to depolarization
- Threshold potential of neuron is not changed
