Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych/Soc > Biological Correlates > Flashcards

Biological Correlates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Body’s stress response

  • Alarm => Resistance => Exhaustion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Practice effects

A

Gains in score on retesting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fMRI

A

Measure brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

  • Uses magnetic fields and radio waves
  • Does NOT measure glucose, only blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms

A
  • DNA methylation

- Histone modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Stimulus registered by sensory receptors

  • Ex. pattern of light falling on retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Provides info for proximal stimulus

  • Ex. Shoe on floor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest intensity of stimulus that can be sensed reliably

  • Depends on emotions, importance
  • Intensity level detected 50% of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference threshold/just noticeable difference

A

Smallest difference that is sufficient for a change in a stimulus to be noticed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Change required to meet difference threshold depends on value of original stimulus (Weber fraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

How organism differentiates important signals from unimportant ones (noise)

  • Comparison b/w false alarm and hit rate
  • Hit rate > false alarms = high sensitivity
  • Mediated by bias, has decision-making component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Place theory

A

Hear different pitches b/c different sound waves trigger activity at different places along cochlea’s basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Attention

A

Selects sensory info for perceptual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Selective attention

A

Focus on one stimulus at exclusion of other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Divided attention

A

Split perceptual resources b/w multiple stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating digits presented to a specific ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Project image to a visual field and it will be represented in _____ hemisphere of brain

A

Opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Construction of perceptions from individual pieces of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Top-down processing

A

Brings influence of prior knowledge to make perception more efficient

  • AKA context effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Perception of surroundings as being made of distinct, stable objects

  • Organizes sensory info into distinct forms (objects)
  • Nearness, similarity, common region (background), continuity, closure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interposition

A

Depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parallel processing

A

Use of multiple pathways to convey info about same stimulus

  • Process multiple pieces of info about stimulus at same time
  • Starts at level of bipolar and ganglion cells in eye => lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Feature detection

A

Sequential processing => provides basic info about feature of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Daily balance b/w wakefulness and sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drive for sleep is opposed by biological clock of _____

A

SCN in hypothalamus

  • Maintains homeostatic equilibrium
  • Maintains drive for wakefulness by inhibiting release of melatonin by pineal gland
  • Affected by light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Light sleep

  • Alpha waves, more relaxed than beta waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Bursts of brain wave activity that indicate full transition into sleep

  • Sleep spindles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Transition to deep sleep

  • Delta waves (much longer than alpha waves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

Deepest sleep

  • All delta waves
29
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A

Period of high brain activity during stage 1

  • Does not occur during first sleep cycle
  • Brain relives stimuli from day and consolidates important info into memory
  • Dreaming occurs here
30
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Largest portion of sleep

  • Lower brain activity
31
Q

Stimulants

A

Raise CNS activity

  • Increase monoamine neurotransmitters (epinephrine, dopamine)
32
Q

Reward pathway

A

Drugs increase levels of dopamine and reward feeling

  • Nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, amygdala
33
Q

Neuroleptics

A

First antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia

  • Negative side effects = cognitive dulling
34
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Block dopamine receptors

  • Less likely to have negative side effects than neuroleptics
35
Q

First phase of memory formation

A

Sensory memory

  • Temporary, unconscious
36
Q

Second phase of memory formation

A

Short-term memory/working memory

  • Auditory representation
  • 7 ± 2 pieces of info
37
Q

Techniques to maintain info in working memory

A

Chunking, rehearsal

38
Q

Negative priming

A

Implicit memory effect where prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences response to same stimulus

39
Q

Priming

A

Change in response to stimulus due to subconscious memory effects

40
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Claim to remember detail of what you were doing when receiving news of emotionally arousing event

41
Q

False memory

A

Given with high confidence

42
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Ability of brain’s networks of synapses and neurons to change

  • Most apparent during early development
43
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Increase in likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger potential in postsynaptic neuron

44
Q

Semantic networks

A

Used by long-term memory to organize info in networks of meaningfully related memories

  • Leads to spreading activation
45
Q

Decay

A

Fading of a memory

  • Weakening of connections making up neural network
46
Q

Serial-position effect

A

Primacy + recency effects

47
Q

Interference

A

Prevents successful memory retrieval due to similar information

  • Can be retroactive or proactive
48
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Newly learned info that prevents successful retrieval of related older memories

49
Q

Proactive interference

A

Previously held knowledge prevents successful retrieval of newly learned info

50
Q

Source monitoring

A

Person attributes memory to particular source

51
Q

Memory construction

A

Memories updated w/ new info = reactivates neural network

52
Q

What two structures in body change in regards to aging and memory?

A

Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

53
Q

Semantic memory

A

General world knowledge we have accumulated throughout lives

  • Type of explicit/declarative memory (along w episodic)
54
Q

Episodic memory

A

Declarative info people have of specific experiences

55
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Ability to use old/learned knowledge/experience

56
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to solve new problems/adapt

57
Q

Cognitive changes

A

Late adulthood

58
Q

Source amnesia

A

Inability to remember how previously learned info has been aquired

59
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Hippocampus = first to be affected

  • Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cognitive dysfunction
  • Particular dysfunction in tasks of verbal fluency and negative priming
60
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Deficit in ability to recall events for newer memories

  • Due to lack of vitamin B1 => damage to frontal cortex and thalamus
61
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Deterioration of substantia nigra

  • Dopamine deficiency
  • Impairment of motor abilities
  • Substantia nigra can’t function to initiate movement
62
Q

Requirements for inferring causality

A

Correlation
Random assignment
Temporality

63
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech

64
Q

Prevalence of schizophrenia

A

1%

65
Q

Physiological aspects of schizophrenia

A
  • High levels of dopamine

- Smaller structures in brain

66
Q

Physiological process associated with depression

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

67
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Four cones are associated w/ process of color and they’re grouped into two pairs (red-green and blue-yellow)

  • Each group can be stimulated simultaneously
  • Only one cone from each group can be activated at a given time
68
Q

Concentrations of light sensitive chemicals in rods and cones _____ in dark environment

A

Increase => increase sensitivity of rods and cones when moving to dark

Psych/Soc (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions