Sensory Perception (KA) Flashcards
Visual cues
Depth, form, motion, constancy
Monocular cues
Relative size Interposition Relative height Shading and contour Motion parallax (things far away move slower)
Constancy
Our perception of object doesn’t change even if it looks different on retina
What type of relationship is Weber’s Law?
Linear
Absolute threshold
- Subliminal stimuli
Detect stimulus 50% of time
- Subliminal = stim below threshold
Gestalt principles
Similarity Pragnanz (reduced to simplest form) Proximity Continuity Closure
How many rods vs cones?
120 million rods vs. 6 million cones
Does rod turn on bipolar cell when it is off or on?
What does the BPC do?
Rod OFF => BPC ON => RGC ON => optic nerve
Rhodopsin
Ptn in rods that has retinal (gets hit by light) => conformation change
Phototransduction cascade
Light => rhodopsin (retinal) => transducin => phosphodiesterase => cGMP becomes GMP => Na channels close => rods hyperpolarize and turn off => disinhibition of BPC => RGC
Rods have ___opsin, cones have ___opsin
Rhodopsin vs. photopsin
Which is more sensitive to light: rods or cones?
Rods (1000x) but don’t detect color
- Slow recovery time
Where does right visual field info go??
Right visual field => Left side of brain (and vice versa)
Basilar tuning
Hair cells in cochlea base = activated by high frequencies
Apex = activated by low frequencies
Tonotypical mapping
Brain can distinguish different frequencies using basilar tuning
Kineasthesia vs. Proprioception
Kinaesthesia = movement of body (behavioral)
Proprioception = balance/position (cognitive awareness)
Pain fibers (3 types)
A-beta = fast, myelin A-delta = smaller, less myelin C = small, unmyelinated (lingering pain)
Pheromones
Chemical signal => triggers innate response
Taste buds (3 types)
Fungiform (anterior), foliate (side), circumvallate (back)
Labelled lines model of gustation
- What type of receptors?
Each receptor has axon that synapses on different parts of gustatory cortex through GPCR receptors
4 types of brain waves
Beta - alert
Alpha - daydreaming/relax
Theta - drowsiness
Delta - deep sleep
Sleep stages of non-REM
N1 = theta waves, hallucinations
N2 = sleep spindles, K-complexes
N3 = delta waves, sleepwalk/talk
Cycle 4-5 times per sleep (N1=> N2 => N3 => N2 => REM)
REM
Paralyzed Dreaming Memory consolidation Combo of all waves Decreased prefrontal cortex (no logic)
Sleep apnea
Stop breathing while sleeping
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Period of oscillations, then flat
Pattern in polysomnography
Hypnotism brain waves
- Theories for how it works
Alpha waves (awake but relaxed)
- Dissociation vs Social Influence theory
Barbiturates (depressant)
Induce sleep
Reduce anxiety
Depress CNS
Benzodiazepines (depressant)
Suppressant
Enhance GABA response
Short, intermediate, or long-acting
Nicotine
Disrupts sleep, suppresses appetite
Cocaine
Strong stimulant
Amphetamines/meth
Trigger DA release
Where is DA produced in reward pathway?
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) in midbrain
Mesolimbic pathway
Rewards pathway
- NAcc, amygdala, hippocampus
Methadone
Activates opiate receptors slowly => dampens high
