Sensory Perception (KA)

Question 1

Visual cues

Answer 1

Depth, form, motion, constancy

Question 2

Monocular cues

Answer 2

Relative size
Interposition
Relative height
Shading and contour
Motion parallax (things far away move slower)

Question 3

Constancy

Answer 3

Our perception of object doesn’t change even if it looks different on retina

Question 4

What type of relationship is Weber’s Law?

Answer 4

Linear

Question 5

Absolute threshold

• Subliminal stimuli

Answer 5

Detect stimulus 50% of time

• Subliminal = stim below threshold

Question 6

Gestalt principles

Answer 6

Similarity
Pragnanz (reduced to simplest form)
Proximity
Continuity
Closure

Question 7

How many rods vs cones?

Answer 7

120 million rods vs. 6 million cones

Question 8

Does rod turn on bipolar cell when it is off or on?

What does the BPC do?

Answer 8

Rod OFF => BPC ON => RGC ON => optic nerve

Question 9

Rhodopsin

Answer 9

Ptn in rods that has retinal (gets hit by light) => conformation change

Question 10

Phototransduction cascade

Answer 10

Light => 
rhodopsin (retinal) => 
transducin => 
phosphodiesterase => 
cGMP becomes GMP => 
Na channels close => 
rods hyperpolarize and turn off => 
disinhibition of BPC => 
RGC

Question 11

Rods have ___opsin, cones have ___opsin

Answer 11

Rhodopsin vs. photopsin

Question 12

Which is more sensitive to light: rods or cones?

Answer 12

Rods (1000x) but don’t detect color

• Slow recovery time

Question 13

Where does right visual field info go??

Answer 13

Right visual field => Left side of brain (and vice versa)

Question 14

Basilar tuning

Answer 14

Hair cells in cochlea base = activated by high frequencies

Apex = activated by low frequencies

Question 15

Tonotypical mapping

Answer 15

Brain can distinguish different frequencies using basilar tuning

Question 16

Kineasthesia vs. Proprioception

Answer 16

Kinaesthesia = movement of body (behavioral)

Proprioception = balance/position (cognitive awareness)

Question 17

Pain fibers (3 types)

Answer 17

A-beta = fast, myelin
A-delta = smaller, less myelin
C = small, unmyelinated (lingering pain)

Question 18

Pheromones

Answer 18

Chemical signal => triggers innate response

Question 19

Taste buds (3 types)

Answer 19

Fungiform (anterior), foliate (side), circumvallate (back)

Question 20

Labelled lines model of gustation

• What type of receptors?

Answer 20

Each receptor has axon that synapses on different parts of gustatory cortex through GPCR receptors

Question 21

4 types of brain waves

Answer 21

Beta - alert
Alpha - daydreaming/relax
Theta - drowsiness
Delta - deep sleep

Question 22

Sleep stages of non-REM

Answer 22

N1 = theta waves, hallucinations

N2 = sleep spindles, K-complexes

N3 = delta waves, sleepwalk/talk

Cycle 4-5 times per sleep (N1=> N2 => N3 => N2 => REM)

Question 23

REM

Answer 23

Paralyzed
Dreaming
Memory consolidation
Combo of all waves
Decreased prefrontal cortex (no logic)

Question 24

Sleep apnea

Answer 24

Stop breathing while sleeping

Question 25

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Answer 25

Period of oscillations, then flat Pattern in polysomnography

Question 26

Hypnotism brain waves - Theories for how it works

Answer 26

Alpha waves (awake but relaxed) - Dissociation vs Social Influence theory

Question 27

Barbiturates (depressant)

Answer 27

Induce sleep Reduce anxiety Depress CNS

Question 28

Benzodiazepines (depressant)

Answer 28

Suppressant Enhance GABA response Short, intermediate, or long-acting

Question 29

Nicotine

Answer 29

Disrupts sleep, suppresses appetite

Question 30

Cocaine

Answer 30

Strong stimulant

Question 31

Amphetamines/meth

Answer 31

Trigger DA release

Question 32

Where is DA produced in reward pathway?

Answer 32

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) in midbrain

Question 33

Mesolimbic pathway

Answer 33

Rewards pathway - NAcc, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 34

Methadone

Answer 34

Activates opiate receptors slowly => dampens high