Individuals and Society (KA)

Question 1

Fundamentalism

Answer 1

Reaction to secularization => go back to strict religious beliefs

Question 2

Vygotsky

• 3 main features of theory

Answer 2

Sociocultural (social interaction) development

• Kids learn actively through hands-on processes
• MKO, Zone of Proximal development, language

Question 3

3 assumptions of rational choice theory

Answer 3

Completeness
Transitivity
Independence of irrelevant alternatives

Question 4

Self-concept

Answer 4

How someone perceives/evaluates themselves

Question 5

Manifest functions

Answer 5

Intended consequences of institutions

Ex. businesses provide a service

Question 6

Construct validity

Answer 6

Whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure

Question 7

Just World Hypothesis

Answer 7

Karma

Question 8

Feminist theory

Answer 8

Discrimination
Objectification
Oppression
Stereotyping

Question 9

Optimism bias

Answer 9

Belief that bad things happen to others, but not us

Question 10

Normative organization

Answer 10

Members come together through shared goals

• Ex. religion groups, MADD

Question 11

Dependency ratio

Answer 11

Compares number of people younger than 14/older than 65 w/ people in labor force

Question 12

Marx false consciousness

Answer 12

Unable to see oppression

Question 13

Iron rule of oligarchy

Answer 13

Democracy => bureaucracy until governed by few

• Due to hesitancy to give up power

Question 14

Vygotsky’s 4 elementary mental functions

Answer 14

Attention
Sensation
Perception
Memory

Question 15

Categorical self

Answer 15

Existing with others

Question 16

Latent functions

Answer 16

Unintended consequences of institutions

Ex. Schools expose students to new activities

Question 17

Weak social constructionism

Answer 17

Social constructs are dependent on brute facts = basic and fundamental (quarks in atoms)

vs. institutional facts

Question 18

Mere exposure effect

Answer 18

Repeated exposure to something increases our liking for it

Question 19

Linear regression

Answer 19

One-way influence of one variable on another

• Different from correlation, which makes no assumptions about which variable influences the other

Question 20

Ecclesia

Answer 20

Dominant religious organization that includes most members of society

Question 21

Social facts

Answer 21

Ways of thinking/acting formed by society that can’t be influenced by any one individual

Ex. Law

Question 22

Kelley’s covariation model of attribution theory (3 cues)

Answer 22

Consistency (time)
Distinctiveness (situation)
Consensus (people)

Question 23

World-Systems theory

Answer 23

World as a unit, divided into 3 countries

Question 24

Vehicular control

Answer 24

What experimental group does w/o the directly desired impact

Question 25

Rogers Humanistic theory 3 components

Answer 25

- Self image - Self-esteem - Ideal-self

Question 26

Sick role

Answer 26

Expectation that lets you take break from responsibilities, but if you don't get better/return => deviant

Question 27

Small vs. large societies

Answer 27

Small societies = held together by similarities Large societies = people are interdependent

Question 28

Medicalization

Answer 28

Human conditions previously considered normal get defined as medical conditions

Question 29

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 29

Similar to self-serving bias

Question 30

Rational choice theory

Answer 30

People are not only motivated by money, but also do what's best to get better - Assume people act by weighing costs and benefits, driven by self-interest

Question 31

What happens when ideal self does not match real self

Answer 31

Incongruity

Question 32

Existential self

Answer 32

Basic, separate/distinct from others

Question 33

Case-control study

Answer 33

Observational, 2 groups differing in outcome are compared to find causal factor

Question 34

Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 34

Why do some have stranger anxiety and others don't

Question 35

Index of dissimilarity (what do 0 and 100 mean?

Answer 35

``` 0 = total segregation 100 = perfect distribution ```

Question 36

Kohlberg

Answer 36

Moral development - Moral reasoning

Question 37

Fecundity

Answer 37

Potential reproductive capacity of a female

Question 38

Strong social constructionism

Answer 38

Reality is dependent on language and social habits - Says there are no brute facts, we just created everything

Question 39

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 39

People are more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in future

Question 40

Microculture

Answer 40

Only affects limited period of one's life - Ex. girl scouts, soriorities

Question 41

Exchange theory

Answer 41

Rational choice theory expanded to social interactions - Sexual selection - Social selection

Question 42

Incipient stage of social movement

Answer 42

Public takes notice

Question 43

Characteristics of bureaucracy

Answer 43

``` Division of labor Hierarchy of organization Written rules and regulations Impersonality Employment based on technical qualifications ```

Question 44

Internal validity

Answer 44

Extent to which causal conclusion based on study is warranted - Can be impacted by confounding factors

Question 45

Past-in-Present discrimination

Answer 45

Things in past have consequences for people in present - Brown v. BOE => girl integrated doesn't feel welcome

Question 46

Projection bias

Answer 46

Assume other people share same beliefs we do