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Psych/Soc > Relationships and Behavior > Flashcards

Relationships and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Cross-sectional data

A

Received from observing many subjects at same point in time

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2
Q

Longitudinal data

A

Track same sample at different time points

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3
Q

Unidirectional relationship

A

One thing leads to another and not vice versa

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4
Q

Reciprocal relationship

A

Both things can influence each other

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5
Q

Behavioral learning

A

Individual determines what behaviors are culturally appropriate and consequences of behaviors

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6
Q

Associative learning (conditioning)

A

Learning involving associations b/w stimuli and specific responses

Classical vs. operant

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Subject develops response to previously neutral stimulus by associating it with another stimulus that already elicited that response

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimuli that initially elicits desired response w/o need for conditioning

Ex. food => saliva

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Desired response that is initially elicited due to unconditioned stimulus w/ no need for conditioning

Ex. Saliva as a result of food

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10
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that initially elicits no response

Ex. Food bowl

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus that is conditioned to eventually elicit a (conditioned) response

Ex. Food bowl => saliva

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12
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response that has been conditioned to be a result of the conditioned stimulus

Ex. Saliva due to food bowl

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

Stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after period of lessened response

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a similar stimuls

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of associative learning where individual becomes more or less likely to carry out certain behavior based on its consequences

Deprives subject of some desirable stimulus for a period of time

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17
Q

Reinfocement

A

Increases behavior

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Add pleasant stimulus

Ex. gift

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of unpleasant stimulus

Ex. stop nagging

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20
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases behavior

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21
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add unpleasant stimulus

Ex. spank

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22
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removal of pleasant stimulus

Ex. confiscate phone

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23
Q

Types of consequences are ____ or ____

A

Primary or secondary

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24
Q

Primary punishment/reinforcement

A

Relates to physiological need (does not require learning)

Increases likelihood of response

Ex. food, pain

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25
Q

Secondary punishment/reinforcement

A

Require learning and social context to affect behavioral decisions

AKA conditioned reinforcers/punishers

Ex. money, praise, scolding

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26
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learned behavior that allows subject to escape unpleasant stimulus

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27
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Learned behavior that allows subject to avoid unpleasant stimulus by employing specific response

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28
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

How often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced

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29
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Rewarded only sometimes

After behavior is learned, this makes it more resistant to extinction

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30
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Most rapid way to first establish response

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31
Q

Instinctual drift

A

Established habits are eventually replaced by innate/instinctual behaviors

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32
Q

Shaping

A

Shapes behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward desired behavior

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33
Q

Innate behaviors

A

Developmentally fixed and influenced by physiology/genetic inheritance

Difficult to change

34
Q

Cognitive processes

A

Necessary for associative learning of non-instinctual behaviors

35
Q

Observational learning

A

Based on modeling (witnessing another’s actions and retaining info on that behavior to later re-enact it)

36
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Fire both when completing an action and when person observes someone completing same action => help learning by imitation

37
Q

Vicarious emotions

A

Feeling emotions of others as though they are one’s own

Necessary component of modeling/observational learning

38
Q

Modeling

A

Witnessing another’s actions and retaining info on that behavior to later re-enact it

39
Q

Spacing effect

A

Learning is greater when spaced out

40
Q

Behavior

A

Sum of coordinated responses to internal/external stimuli

Partially influenced by biology (genes, neural connections, hormones)

41
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Body language, touch, appearance, facial expressions

42
Q

Animal signals

A

Vocalizations, visual stimulus, touch, smell

43
Q

Social behavior

A

Interaction w/ members of the same species

44
Q

Foraging behavior

A

Set of behaviors through which animals get food

Maximize energy from food and minimize expenditure

45
Q

Mating behavior

A

Behavior surrounding reproductive propagation of species

46
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior disadvantageous to individual, but benefit members of its social group

47
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Overall fitness considers offspring of close relatives => care for offspring of your friends w/ similar genetic makeup

48
Q

Game theory

A

Complex decision making which must account for actions of other group members

49
Q

Group

A

Set of individuals who interact with each other and share some elements of identity

50
Q

Social networks

A

Webs of weaker social interactions

51
Q

Organization

A

Group coordinating interactions toward a specific purpose

52
Q

Impression management

A

Behavioral choices to create impression in minds of others

53
Q

Dramaturgical approach

A

Behavior = ongoing performance that depends on situation

54
Q

Front stage self

A

Behavior player performs in front of audience

55
Q

Back stage self

A

No audience => let go of conventions from stage

56
Q

Groupthink

A

Group’s members think alike and agree for sake of group harmony (conformity) => censor ideas that go against group norms

57
Q

Group polarization

A

Attitude of group as a whole becomes stronger than attitudes of individual members

58
Q

Social facilitation

A

Tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched

59
Q

Social loafing

A

Members of a group decrease pace/intensity of own work and let other members work harder

60
Q

Deindividuation

A

People lose awareness of individuality and immerse themselves in mood/activities of a crowd

61
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Alteration of behavior by subjects due to awareness of being observed

62
Q

Thomas theorem

A

Interpretation of a situation causes action

63
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which people learn customs and values of their culture

64
Q

Social norms

A

Rules community members are expected to follow

65
Q

Conformity

A

Change attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms

66
Q

Obedience

A

Behavioral changes made in response to command by authority figure

67
Q

Deviance

A

Unable to recognize social norms or chooses not to follow them

68
Q

Stigma

A

Negative social label that changes a person’s social identity by classifying them as abnormal/tainted

69
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which individual/group becomes part of new culture (language acquisition, knowledge)

70
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s group is of central importance => judges practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards

71
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Trying to understand a culture on its own terms and judge it by its own standards

72
Q

In-group

A

Group with which an individual shares identity with and loyalty

73
Q

Prejudices

A

Strict generalizations about other groups

74
Q

Out-group

A

Group with which person does not identify with and may feel competition/hostility

75
Q

Bias

A

Establishment of in-group/out-group

76
Q

Schema

A

Organizing patterns of thought used to categorize/interpret info => shapes individual attitudes/perspectives

77
Q

Stereotype

A

Concept about a group that includes belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics

78
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Anxiety/impaired performance when confronted with a negative stereotype

79
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Stereotypical beliefs that become realities

80
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of other based on membership in specific group

81
Q

Individual discrimination

A

One person behaves negatively toward another

82
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Social institutions employ policies that differentiate people based on social grouping

Psych/Soc (10 decks)

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