Thorax 4 Lungs

Question 1

Pneumonia

Answer 1

• inflammation of the lungs
• usually caused by bacteria
  Types according to area of lung: Alveolar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia
  Types accoridng to location pneumonia acquired from: community acquired, hospital acquired, aspiration, ventialator associated

Question 2

Alveolar Pneumonia

Answer 2

• usually acute
• lungs fill with inflammatory exudate
• most common

Question 3

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 3

patchy inflammation
- involves alveoli of more than 1 lobe
usually in basilar

Question 4

Lobar pneumonia

Answer 4

• consolidation of an entire lobe

Question 5

Interstitial pneumonia

Answer 5

• inflammation in septa
• diffuse and bilateral
• usually viral

Question 6

Heart

Answer 6

• cone shaped muscular organ
• four chamber: two atria, two ventricles
• double pump: two ventricles
• Two circulations: systemic circuit: blood vessels that transport blood to and from all the body tissues; pulmonary circuit: blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

Question 7

Heart’s position

Answer 7

• In mediastinum: behind sternum and pointing let, lying on the diaphragm
• weighs 250-350 gm about 1 pound
• fixed posteriorly to pericardial wall, opposite T5-T8 bodies
• consists of : left atrium, small portion of right atrium, proximal parts of great veins

Question 8

Diaphragmatic Surface

Answer 8

• consists of : left ventricle + partial right ventricle
• separated from base by the coronary sinus then extending from the base to the apex
• posterior interventricular groove separates ventricles on diaphragmatic surface

Question 9

Pericardium

Answer 9

Three Layer: Fibrous pericardium, Serous pericardium ( parietal layer, visceral layer),

Question 10

Pericarditis

Answer 10

inflammation of the pericardium most likely due to a viral infection

Question 11

Cardiac Tamponade

Answer 11

• clinical syndrome caused by the acuumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, resulting in reduced ventricular filling and subsequent hemodynamic compromise

Question 12

Layers of Heart Wall

Answer 12

The layers from out to in:
Epicardium= visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium= the muscle
Endocardium= lining the chambers

Question 13

Right Atrium

Answer 13

• receives blood from the svs, ivs, and coronary sinus
• crista terminalis: smooth, muscular ridge; separate right atrium into 2 spaces
• sinus venarum: space posterior to crista terminalis; smooth, thin walls
• atrium proper: space anterior to crista terminalis; pectinate muscles cover walls

Question 14

right ventricle

Answer 14

• receives blood from right atrium
• trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges on inner wall of R. ventricle
• Septomarginal trabecula: between lower portion of inter-ventricular septum and base of papillary m
• papillary muscle: specialized trabeculae
• chordae tendinae:

Question 15

left artrium

Answer 15

• receives blood from pulmonary circulation
• posterior half: smooth walls, entry of pulmonary v
• anterior half: continuous with the left auricle
• valve of foramen ovale: thin area of depression in inter-atrial septum

Question 16

left ventricle

Answer 16

• receives blood from the left atrium
• inter-vascular septum: muscular and membranous part
• papillary muscle: anterior + posterior; larger than papillary mm

Question 17

Heartbeat

Answer 17

Systole: Contraction 
Diastole: (Relaxation) Filling
Normal rate: 60-100
Slow: Bradycardia
Fast: Tachycardia

Question 18

Heart Sounds

Answer 18

• Called S1 and S2
• S1 is the closing of AV(mitral and tricuspid) valves at the start of ventricular systole
• S2 is the closing of the semilunar ( aortic and pulmonic) valves at the end of ventricular systole
• Murmurs: the sound of blood flow

Question 19

Septal Defects

Answer 19

• septae are the walls that develop during gestation that separate the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles
• defects in the septum wall or “holes” may allow for abnormal passage of blood flow which can cause the heart to become abnormally enlarged