The Skeletal System

Question 1

Skeletal System

Answer 1

Divided into two descriptive regions:

• Axial skeleton: bones of the skull vertebral column(spine), ribs, and sternum, whihc form the axis or the central line of the body (80 bones)
• Appendicular skeleton- bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach the limbs to the body’s axis (126 bones)

Question 2

Types of Bone Structure

Answer 2

Compact: a relatively solid mass of bone that provides strength
Spongy (trabecular or cancellous)- a less dense trabeculated network of bone spicules making up the substance of most bones and surrounding an inner marrow cavity

Question 3

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 3

Support: Protection of vital organs; A mechanism, along with muscles, for movement; Storage of calcium and other salts; A source of blood cells

Question 4

Bone Fractures

Answer 4

4 phases of indirect fracture healing:

1) Fracture and inflammatory phase
2) Granulation tissue/soft callus formation
3) Hard callus formation, including woven bone creation
4) Remodeling, including lamellar bone creation

Question 5

Bone Anatomy

Answer 5

-Diaphysis: long shaft of bone
-Epiphysis: ends of bone
-Ephiphyseal plate: growth plate
-Metaphysis: b/w epiphysis and diaphysis
-Articular cartilage: covers epiphysis
-Periosteum: bone covering
-Sharpey’s fibers: periosteum attaches to underlying bone
Medullary cavity: hollow chamber in bone
Endosteum: thin layer lining the medullary cavity

Question 6

Joints

Answer 6

are the site of union or articulation of two or more bones or cartilages

Question 7

Fontanelle Closure

Answer 7

• The posterior fontanelle generally closes 1-3 months after birth
• The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth
• The astoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth
• The anterior fontanelle is generally last to close between 7-19 months

Question 8

Osteoarthritis

Answer 8

degenerative disorder arising from the biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints

Question 9

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

Striated muscle fibers that are attached to bone and are responsible for movements of the skeleton
-Location: Attached to bones and skin of the face
-Function: produces body movements and facial expressions
Mode of control: Voluntary

Question 10

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 10

Muscle fibers with striations that make up the walls of the heart and proximal portions of the great vessels

• Location: Wall of the heart
• Pumps blood through heart
• Mode of Control: Involuntary

Question 11

Smooth Muscle

Answer 11

Non-striated muscle fibers that line various organs, attach to hair follicles and line the walls of most blood vessels

• Location: walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and iris
• Function: moves contents through organs; vasoconstriction
• Mode of Control: Involuntary

Question 12

Hypertrophy

Answer 12

A nontumorous enlargement of an organ or a tissue as a result of an increase in the size rather than the number of constituent cells

Question 13

Atrophy

Answer 13

A decrease in the size or wasting away of a body organ, tissue, or part owing to disease, injury, or lack of use

Question 14

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

Answer 14

The heart, vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 15

The Lymphatic System

Answer 15

The lymphatic system has a strong working relationship with the cardiovascular system. In addition, acts as a fluid, fat and waste reuptake system for the capillary beds

Question 16

Lymphatic System Components

Answer 16

Lymphatic plexuses- Webs of Lymphatic vessels

• Lymphatic vessels: Thin-walled valvular vessels
• Lymph- Plasmalike fluid that contains many lymphocytes
• Lymph nodes: Lymphatic tissue that filters the incoming fluids
• Lymphocytes: immune system cells
• Lymphoid organs- parts of the body that produce lymphocytes